The transport network. Roads and trains.

Offers

Leasing

Complaints

1) If the seller causes a breach of contract, the buyer can make a complaint. If the seller is late in delivering the foods, the buyer can send one or more reminders and tell the seller that he will withdraw from the contract if the goods are not delivered by a certain date, the final deadline. It can be that the buyer reserved the right to cancel the order if the delivery was late. In this case, he can cancel his order without sending any reminders. If the complaint is justified, the seller has to make an adjustment, i.e. he has to offer the buyer some form of compensation.

2) It can happen that the buyer suffers a loss if the goods are delivered late – he may lose business, for example. In this case, he can claim damages from the seller; that means he can start legal proceedings for compensation. However, if the delay is caused by factors beyond the seller’s control, for example, floods, earthquakes, war etc., the seller is not liable for any of the buyer’s losses.

Упражнение № 6. Выпишите из первого абзаца глагол в пассивной форме. Определите его время.

Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:

In what case can the buyer start legal proceedings for compensation?

Вариант III

Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.

1) Recently he has seen an advertisement in the new trade journal about a new type of computer.

2) This firm was exporting office equipment in the north of England.

3) Delivery will be effected as soon as possible.

4) This manufacturer can be dealt with.

5) The terms of payment are affected by the economical position of the firm.

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.

1) The goods delivered yesterday are perfect.

2) Price and quantity of the goods supplied are directly related.

3) When operating at full employment the economy shows its best efficiency.

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.

1) The price system is incapable of registering all social or collective wants.

2) On reflecting (размышлять) we realize that we indeed buy many goods for the services which they render.

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию в каждом предложении.

1) They have to pay interest on this loan.

2) To be in complete control of his enterprise is the aim of every proprietor.

3) To be in complete control of his enterprise the proprietor must be a good manager.

4) The policy to be followed is based upon some changes in the supply.

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

1) Leasing is different to the other terms of payment. It is generally used for larger objects such as buildings, land and machinery. A lease is an agreement between the owner of the object and the person who wants to use it, which gives the leaseholder permission to use the object for a fixed period, usually several years. In return, the leaseholder pays rent to the owner, and is responsible for the object leased (he has to arrange insurance and carry out repairs, for example).

2) Leasing is a good way to earn a regular income from one’s property over a long period. The main risk here is that the leaseholder may not be able to keep up his payments. When the lease expires, the leaseholder may be able to extend it or even to buy the object at a reduced price. In case of items such as technical equipment, he may be able to return the object and take out a lease on a newer model.

Упражнение № 6. Выпишите из первого абзаца Past Participle в функции определения.

Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:

What may the leaseholder do when the lease expires?

Вариант IV

Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.

1) We believe the product will find a ready market in our country.

2) Today the sales manager has written to the manufacturer for more information.

3) We are offered a new line of products.

4) The trial order was followed by a suggestion of a long-term contract because the buyer was satisfied with the product.

5) The outputs of farmers are very much influenced by variations in the weather.

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.

1) The sellers modifying the correspondence make it closer to the spoken language.

2) Assuming that demand is constant, let us analyze the effect of a change in supply on price.

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.

1) Transferring money abroad is a simple operation realized by a bank.

2) The price system operates as a mechanism for communicating and coordinating individual free choice.

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию в каждом предложении.

1) The owners of the corner shops had to sell their stores to big companies.

2) To act otherwise would be to risk bankruptcy.

3) To satisfy material wants economists study the efficient use of resources in the production of goods and services.

4) The question to be faced is this: which price will prevail at the market?

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

1) When a seller makes an offer or quotation, he promises to supply his goods on the terms stated in his offer. This means that if a buyer places an order on the basis of the seller’s offer, the seller must supply the goods as promised. Offers can be made orally or in writing, although oral offers are usually confirmed in writing to prevent disagreements. Offers are made in answer to an enquiry or are sent on the seller’s own initiative in the hope of interesting potential customers.

2) There are two main types of offers – firm offer and offer without engagement. In the firm offer the seller must provide the goods at the prices and terms given in his offer and may not change or withdraw his offer after it has been made. In the offer without engagement certain factors may show that the seller does not want to bind himself to the terms of the offer which means he may not be able to deliver on time. In such cases, he can include certain phrases to make it clear that he may withdraw his offer at any time.

Упражнение № 6. Выпишите из первого абзаца Past Participle в функциях определения и части сказуемого.

Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:

What is the difference between the firm offer and the offer without engagement?

Вариант V

Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.

1) The firm is beginning a correspondence with a new supplier.

2) He had closed the business letter with the necessary phrase.

3) Difficulties are often met with when you solve economic problems.

4) The price system is influenced by the government in many ways.

5) The terms of payment were referred to in this business letter.

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.

1) Goods are ordered in large quantity.

2) These corporations constituting only 14 % of the business population produce 2/3 of total business output.

3) Beginning in the mid 1970’s the inflation had grown.

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.

1) Knowing what to buy is only one third of the buying operation.

2) A knowledge of economics may be helpful in running business or in managing one’s personal finances.

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию в каждом предложении.

1) Large firms have to use special export order form when placing an order.

2) To execute the order promptly is the aim of any supplier.

3) To display their goods the sellers use their shop windows.

4) The price of the product to be offered will fall immediately under such circumstances.

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

1) The roads carry the largest volume of inland transport. The main reason for this is that road transport is a door-to-door service and goods can travel direct from factory to factory or from producer to consumer, often on a company’s own lorries. The company’s transport manager knows exactly when the goods he sends will arrive and that somebody will load them safely because this happens at his own factory.

2) Even if goods travel for other parts of their journey by rail, sea or air, lorries will still be necessary to and from the railway depots, the docks and airports, and to bring the goods in the end to the shops in the centers of towns. Road transport must therefore be part of any transport system. The disadvantage of road transport is that even the largest lorry can carry only about 10 tons while a train can take cargoes of over 1,000 tons. For large cargoes, on journeys of 300 kilometers or more, trains are more economical than lorries.

Упражнение № 6. Выпишите из второго абзаца инфинитив, определите функцию и переведите его.

Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:

Why are lorries necessary in the road transport?

Контрольное задание № 3

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольное задание № 3, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:

1) Бессоюзное подчинение в определительных и дополнительных придаточных предложениях.

2) Причастные обороты. Независимый причастный оборот.

3) Грамматические функции и перевод глаголов “to have” и “to be”.

4) Грамматические функции и перевод глаголов “should” и “would”.

5) Различные значения союзов, предлогов, наречий as, because, because of, since, both, both… and, either… or, for.

Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений:

Образец выполнения упражнения № 1 (табл.15)

1) Here is the book you Вот книга, которую вы

gave me on Monday. дали мне в понедельник.

2) I know he has brought Я знаю, что он принес вам

a dictionary for you. словарь.

Образец выполнения упражнения № 2 (табл. 12)

1) The day being warm, Так как день был теплый,

we opened the window. мы открыли окно.

2) Weather permitting, Если погода позволит,

we will go for a walk. мы пойдем на прогулку.

3) Petrov helps me with my Петров помогает мне

English, I helping him with по английскому, а я помогаю

mathematics. ему по математике.

Образец выполнения упражнения № 3 (табл. 5, 6)

1) Yesterday they were Вчера они были дома.

at home.

were – глагол “to be” в Past simple в функции смыслового глагола.

2) He has to take a taxi to get Он должен взять такси, чтобы

to the university in time. приехать в университет вовремя.

has – глагол “to have” в Present Simple в функции модального глагола (have to).

3) This article was written Это статья была написана

last week. на прошлой неделе.

was – глагол “to be” в Past Simple в функции вспомогательного глагола для образования пассивного залога от глагола “to write”.

Образец выполнения упражнения № 4 (табл. 9, 10)

1) The device should be Прибор следует проверить.

checked.

should – модальный глагол в значении долженствования.

2) If he were free, he Если бы он был свободен,

would help you. он помог бы вам.

would – вспомогательный глагол для образования сослагательного наклонения в сказуемом главного предложения при наличии придаточного условного.

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