Harvard University

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G Active Vocabulary:

prominent – видатний; distinctly – виразно; outlook – світогляд; clergy – духовенство; scope – масштаб; to diversify – урізноманітнювати; to com-mand respect – викликати повагу; alumnus (pl. alumni) – колишній студент (випускник); campus – територія університету; to be enrolled – зарахо-вувати; the Divinity School – факультет богослов’я; vigorous – потужний.

Harvard is more than a university – it’s a tradition. No other American institution of higher learning has such a prominent place in the nation’s history or imagination. Harvard, founded in 1636, is the oldest university in the United States (and the oldest corporation in the Americas). It is perhaps the only US university that is both closest to the British model of university education, yet distinctly American in identity and outlook. Harvard was founded as a small institution with the mission of educating Protestant clergy. It grew as the United States did, expanding in size and scope, and diversifying its student and teaching communities. Today a Harvard degree commands respect not only in the United States, but around the world – Harvard counts seven U.S. presidents among its alumni, and over 40 Nobel laureates among its current and former faculty.

Harvard is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in a campus just across the Charles River from Boston. This is a highly urban setting that joins colonial-era buildings and landmarks with Massachusetts’ hi-tech industry. Harvard is a large university, with high-profile graduate and professional programs. Almost two-thirds of its approximately 19,500 students are enrolled in its professional and graduate schools (which include the world-famous Medical School, the Business School, the Law School, the John F. Kennedy School of Government, the Divinity School, the School of Public Health, and the Graduate School of Education). Connections made at Harvard often last a lifetime, with graduates becoming part of a vigorous network of over 270,000 alumni.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. When was Harvard founded? 2. What was Harvard’s initial mission? 3. How many US presidents graduated from Harvard? 4. Where is it located? 5. How many students are enrolled it its schools? 6. How long do the connections made at Harvard last?

☺ Smile!

A young man hired by a supermarket reported for his first day of work. The manager greeted him with a warm handshake and a smile, gave him a broom and said, “Your first job will be to sweep out the store.”

“But I’m a Harward graduate,” the young man replied indignantly.

“Oh, I’m sorry. I didn’t know that,” said the manager. “Here, give me the broom and I’ll show you how.”

24.4.Граматика. Повторення Passive Voice, Modal Verbs

Вправа 3. Перекладіть англійською, використовуючи модальні діє-слова can, may, might, could.

1. Можна взяти цей журнал? 2. Можна задати вам особисте питання? 3. Ви можете зробити переклад за допомогою комп’ютера. 4. Нам сказали, що ми можемо не переписувати текст завдання. 5. Він, можливо, знає мою адресу. 6. Він, можливо, поїде поїздом. 7. Можливо, він забув про нашу сього-нішню зустріч. 8. Можливо, він загубив ключі. 9. Він вміє плавати. 10. Він вміє розмовляти японською. 11. Ви можете підняти цю коробку? 12. Я Вас не чую. 13. Він не міг знати всієї правди. 14. Не може бути, щоб вона забула вимкнути праску. 15. Не може бути, щоб ви заплатили 100 доларів за цю книгу. 16. Він зможе перекласти цю статтю французькою. 17. Він умів читати у п’ять років. 18. Чи не могли б ви виключити світло?

Вправа 4. Перекладіть англійською, використовуючи модальні діє-слова must, have to, should, need, be to.

1. Ви повинні запам’ятати це правило. 2. Лист необхідно відправити негайно. 3. Він, напевно, повернувся додому. 4. Вам слід відвідати лікаря. 5. Вам не слід так багато дивитись телевізор. 6. Вам не слід було їхати так швидко. 7. Йому не слід було так хвилюватись. 8. Нам прийшлось піти з вечірки. 9. Нам прийдеться йти туди пішки. 10. Вам не потрібно виключати комп’ютер. 11. Вам не потрібно запам’ятовувати ці правила. 12. Ми повин-ні зустрітися через годину. 13. Автобус повинен прийти через 5 хвилин.

Вправа 5. Поставте дієслова в дужках у потрібну форму в Passive voice.

1. Several newspapers ___ (to publish) in our city. 2. Shoes ___ (to make) of leather. 3. A new cinema ___ (to build) on our street currently. 4. My flat (still) ___ (to repair). 5. My flat (already) ___ (to repair). 6. A young artist ___ (to ask) to paint the portrait of an old lady. When the portrait ___ (to finish), it ___ (to show) to all the lady’s friends. Then it ___ (to send) to the lady’s house. 7. The question ___ (to discuss) when I came in. 8. The streets ___ (to clean) of snow before we woke up. 9. I hope that this book ___ (to found) soon. 10. The article ___ (to translate) by tomorrow. 11. He (never) ___ (to listen to). 12. This book (much) ___ (to speak about) at the moment. 13. The children will ___ (to take care of). 14. The doctor ___ (to send for) 10 minutes ago.

24.5.Домашнє завдання

Вправа 6. Перепишіть речення так, щоб вони виражали можливість, використовуючи модальні дієслова may, might, must, can’t.

1. They say, it will snow today. 2. He will come in the evening. 3. Tom will show me the photos tomorrow. 4. This pen is mine. 5. He doesn’t own Rolls Royce. 6. They haven’t met the Queen. 7. Shakespeare lived there. 8. They are visiting their parents. 9. He is working as a taxi driver. 10. They have come by train. 11. This question will be discussed later. 12. This letter has been sent by e-mail. 13. The ticket has been already found. 14. The baby is sleeping.

Вправа 7. Поставте дієслова в дужках у потрібну форму в Passive Voice.

1. Don’t enter the room! A student (to examine) there. 2. After the accident he (to take) immediately home. 3. The letter (to type) by the typist when I came into the dean’s office. 4. I am sure that this work (to finish) by the end of the month. 5. New magazines just (to bring). Would you like to look them through? 6. The exercises usually (to check) at the lessons. 7. Many new beautiful houses (to build) in our city lately. 8. The question which (to discuss) now is very important. 9. This bridge (to renovate) in 1970. 10. All the students (to examine) by 5 o’clock. 11. The steamer (to unload) at dock 5 at the moment. 12. My mobile phone (to charge) already. 13. The letter (to post) as soon as we arrive to the office. 14. The parcel (not to bring) yet.

Вправа 8. Підберіть визначення до понять, що стосуються освіти у США.

1.	A yearbook	a	a student teaching other students of the same or similar age or grade level
2.	A freshmen	b	a school where students go to learn how to do a particular job
3.	A sophomore	c	a school that gives advanced academic degrees, such as master's degrees and doctoral degrees
4.	A peer tutor	d	a book that students get when they graduate from school (usually at high school or college).
5.	A graduate school (grad school)	e	a type of public education institution; usually provides two-year college education at reasonable tuition fees
6.	An undergraduate	f	a student in the second year
7.	A trade school	g	a time by which some task must be completed (e.g. the time when students must turn in their homework)
8.	A preparatory school	h	a degree a person gets from a university by finishing a doctorate program
9.	A deadline	i	a student in the first year
10.	The Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D)	j	a test which measures people’s English language skills to see if they are good enough to take a course at university or graduate school in English-speaking countries
11.	Community college	k	a school, especially one that is private, that prepares students for college
12.	TOEFL	l	a student completing a first degree

Вправа 9. Складіть розповідь про освіту в США з використанням активних слів та виразів.

Unit 5. Environmental Protection

Lesson 25. Ecology

25.1. Розмовна тема. Екологія

Прочитайте текст. Знайдіть у словнику підкреслені слова.

For millennia man had to struggle against nature in order to survive and develop. However, as economy developed and the scientific and technological revolution increased, the correlation of forces between man and nature changed. Man gradually grew so strong that he dared to declare himself the “king of nature” and contemplated conquering and remolding nature to his liking. As a result his economic achievements began to have an increasingly negative effect on nature, on the biosphere.

Here are some figures.

Road and factory construction and industrial development take away to 7 million hectares of land every year. Forests disappear at a rate of some 20 hectares a minute. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 76 animal species and several hundred plant species of the Earth became extinct in the last 60 years alone.

Each year the world economy ejects into the atmosphere over 200 million of carbon monoxide, more than 50 million tons of diverse hydrocarbons, over 120 million tons of ash and nearly 150 million tons of sulphur dioxide. They fall back upon the Earth in the form of “ acid rains ”.

The threat of ecological catastrophe approaches simultaneously from different directions: pollution and impoverishment of the seas, oceans, rivers, underground waters, pollution and destruction of woods and agricultural grounds, pollution of the atmosphere, reduction of the protective ozone layer, dramatic changes of climate, rising of the ocean level, accumulation of deadly radioactive substances made by uncountable nuclear power stations, impoverish-ment of the vegetative and animal world, exhaustion of resources of the planet.

All these ecological problems are caused by disturbing the natural balance in the Earth’s ecosystem. Ecosystem is a community of plants, animals and homo sapiens (as a part of the world ecosystem) within a particular habitat. To study the ecosystem in relation to their environment is the aim of the science called ecology. Nowadays the words “ecology” is on everyone’s lips because our everyday life, our health and, in the end, the survival of the mankind depend on the solution of ecological problems facing the man.

Визначте, чи вірними є висловлювання.

1. All ecological problems are caused by solar activity. 2. Carbon monoxide is produced only by cars. 3. International Ecological organization is called the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 4. Man often calls himself a “king of seas”. 5. Ecology is a science studying insects. 6. Economic activity usually has a negative effect on nature.

25.2. Письмові завдання

Вправа 1. Складіть речення з частин, наведених у лівому та правому стовпчиках таблиці.

A drought happens when there aren’t enough trees

A famine happens when there isn’t enough rain

A flood happens when there is too much carbon dioxide

Trees fall down when there is too much rain

The world produces less oxygen when the wind is too strong

The atmosphere becomes warmer when there is too much ultraviolet radiation

There is more skin cancer when there isn’t enough food

25.3. Читання

Прочитайте текст. Знайдіть підкреслені слова у словнику.

The planet and all its inhabitants are threatened today by a potential global ecological crisis that is all the more dangerous because it is insidious, consisting of many separate problems with little immediate effect on daily life, but whose cumulativeimpact and interactions may suddenly break upon us, making significant parts of the planet less productive or inhabitable. This crisis will only become apparent when it is too late to avoid much of the damage. We could be condemned, not to a return to some primitive past, but to a much more desolate and limited future, a science fiction version of the dark ages that followed the collapse of Roman civilization, with hoards of refugees over-running stable communities in search of the means of survival. Our only hope is to have the wisdom and the will to anticipate the dangers and to change in time our goals, our behaviour and even the direction in which our civilization is moving.

Вправа 2. Продовжіть речення, базуючись на інформації з тексту.

1. Our planet is threatened by ___. 2. Ecological crisis consists of ___. 3. This crisis will only become apparent when ___. 4. We should have the wisdom and the will to ___.

25.4. Граматика. Складне речення. Типи підрядних речень

Означальні. Вводиться словами who, whom, which, that, where.

I know the man who wrote this article. Я знаю людину, яка написала цю статтю.

He is the writer whom we all know. Він письменник, якого ми всі знаємо.

It is the article which everybody must read. Це стаття, яку всі повинні прочитати.

You can easily find the newspaper where his article was printed. Ви з легкістю можете знайти газету, в якій була надрукована його стаття.

You have to translate everything that is printed on page four. Вам доведеться перекласти все, що надруковано на четвертій сторінці.

Додаткові. Вводяться зазвичай сполучником that.

He says that his father is busy. Він каже, що його батько зайнятий.

We see that you are busy. Ми бачимо, що ви зайняті.

Обставинні (часу, місця, причини, умови та ін.).

When you come, we will finish our work. Коли ти прийдеш, ми закінчимо нашу роботу.

She was standing where everybody could see her. Вона стояла там, де всі могли її бачити.

She goes to the party because she is invited. Вона йде на вечірку, тому що її запросили.

If you want, I can read my translation to you. Якщо хочете, я можу вам прочитати свій переклад.

G Запам’ятайте! У підрядних речення часу та умови не вживається майбутній час. Замість нього вживається теперішній час.

Вправа 3. Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на переклад підряд-них речень.

1. He told me that he would come to see me the next day. 2. We think that she will help us. 3. Tom said that he was going to give up his job. 4. The girl who was injured in the accident is now in the hospital. 5. Nick works for the company which makes computers. 6. The police have caught the man who stole my friend’s car. 7. Do you know the three particles that make up an atom?

Вправа 4. Визначте тип підрядного речення та перекладіть рідною мовою.

1. When he comes, call me at once. 2. We will never discover who has done it. 3. You may rely upon what he says. 4. I think that he is in the library. 5. I will show you the picture when I finish it. 6. I cannot really understand why he did it. 7. The building that you can see over there is very old. 8. This is the book that you need. 9. He is the most interesting man I have ever met. 10. This is the writer whose books are always cited.

25.5. Домашнє завдання

Вправа 5. Складіть по одному реченню англійською на кожний тип підрядного речення (п. 25.4).

Вправа 6. Перекладіть англійською.

1. Ми повернемось додому, коли стемніє. 2. Як тільки ви отримаєте відпо-відь, подзвоніть мені. 3. Історія, яку мені розповів Том, була дуже сміш-ною. 4. В газеті, яку ви мені принесли, багато цікавого. 5. Я вважаю, що він хороший спортсмен.

Вправа 7. Дайте визначення екології та основних екологічних проб-лем.

Lesson 26. Water Pollution

26.1. Усна тема. Забруднення води

Прочитайте текст і знайдіть підкреслені слова у словнику.

Fresh water is fundamental to the survival of humans and most other land-based life forms.

Ninety seven per cent of the earth’s water is the salt water of oceans and seas. Most of the remaining 3 per cent is in polar ice caps, glaciers, the atmosphere or underground and hard to reach. Only 0.4 per cent is available for use. However, growing population, increased economic activity and industrialisation has resulted in an increased demand for fresh water. This has caused a severe misuse of water resources. Discharging untreated sewage and chemical wastes directly into rivers, lakes and drains has become a traditional habit. Water bodies can no longer cope with the increasing pollution load.

Among the main causes of water pollution are:

· Oil spills from ships and super-tankers, and from off-shore oil drilling operations. Oil forms a thin layer on top of water and acts like a lid on the surface and the water. Animals and plants living in the water can’t breathe, the oil coats the feathers of water birds, and the fur of animals that swim in the water, causing them to become sick and, if there is a great amount of oil on their bodies, to die.

· Fertilizers used by farmers. When fertilizers are washed into rivers and streams the nitrates and phosphates cause excessive growth of water plants. The plants clogs the waterways, use up oxygen in the water, and block light to deeper waters. It is harmful to the fish and other invertebrates that live in water because it makes it hard for the animals to breathe.

· Sewage and other organic pollutants. When material such as leaves and grass clippings, and wastes from farm animalsenter the water, it rots and breaks down and uses up the oxygen in the water. A lot of types of fish and other aquatic animals cannot survive. Organisms such as bacteria and viruses enter waterways through untreated sewage in storm-water drains, run-off from septic tanks, and from boats whose owners dump sewage into the water. These microscopic pollutants cause sickness in people and in animals that drink or live in the water.

· Chemicals. Chemical pollution entering rivers and streams causes great destruction of water environment. The chemicals can come from factories, construction sites, mining operations, and from homes when people pour chemicals down the sink or down the toilet.

· Plastics. Floating plastic is ugly, and harmful to the environment. Plastic rubbish is not biodegradable. It can choke animals that try to eat it, and drown those that get tangled in it.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. Why is fresh water so important? 2. How much fresh water available to people is there on the Earth? 3. How much salt water is there on our planet? 4. What are the main sources of water pollution? 5. To whom are oil spills mostly harmful? 6. What is caused by fertilizers washed into streams or lakes?

26.2. Письмові завдання

Вправа 1. Зробіть письмовий переклад тексту.

Is Our “Central Heating” Broken?

Scientists have found alarming evidence that the Gulf Stream is slowing down, threatening Britain’s “central heating system”. The Atlantic “conveyor belt” carries a million billion watts of heat from the Gulf of Mexico past northern Europe, making Britain, which is on the same latitude as Labrador on the east coast of Canada, 9⁰C warmer than it should be. However, the National Oceanography survey has revealed that the stream has weakened by 30% in 12 years, raising fears that temperatures in Britain will drop by 1⁰C over the next decade, and by 6⁰C in 20 years. The Gulf Stream relies on the warm water from tropics becoming more saline as it approaches the Arctic, and sinking to the bottom of the Ocean. From there it flows back to Mexico, so the process can begin again. But with fresh water from melting Arctic ice caps flowing into the sea, this circuit is being disrupted.

26.3. Читання

Прочитайте текст та поставте п’ять запитань до його змісту.

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