A Dying Technology

Eat Organic

Buy Used

Here are a few land pollution facts how to reduce your own waste.

· Many of the items that you use every day can be found used. This includes clothes, furniture, household items and many more.

· You should also donate all of your old items to a local thrift store rather than throwing them away. This will not only cut down on what ends up in a landfill, but will give someone else a chance to find what they need used rather than having to buy new.

· Of course, you won’t be able to find everything you need used, but you should always start your search looking for used items and only buy new when you must. This will not only help the environment, but it will save you money as well.

· When you eat organic foods, you are supporting farmers that do not use pesticides which are harmful to the environment.

· Organic foods will cost a bit more, but they are better both for the environment and for your health.

Watch the Packaging

· When you do need to buy something new, try to find products that do not use unnecessary packaging. Such packaging accounts for a lot of what is thrown away by consumers each year.

· Write to companies that use too much packaging and let them know that you would love to buy their products, but that you will not do so until they eliminate what will potentially become land pollution.

We must learn to care for the earth in a responsible way so that it can continue to sustain life and provide abundant beauty both in this generation and in the generations to come.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. Where do most land pollution problems come from? 2. What helps to reduce the amount of commercial and industrial pollution? 3. How much waste on the landfills can be recycled? 4. What are the steps which anyone can do to prevent or reduce land pollution?

28.2. Письмові завдання

Вправа 1. Прочитайте і перекладіть письмово.

Garbage is another important source of pollution. Every year households discard 41 million cubic metres of domestic waste – 1.18 cubic per urbanresident. Nearly all this waste – 95.7% – is dumped at one of the 656 open-air sites; only a small part is processed at one of the four garbage disposal plants operating in Ukraine. Four out of five of the open-air dumps have no facilities to protect the underground water or the air and are huge toxic areas. As a result it is necessary to prohibit the use of large land areas for 50 years since the agri-cultural lands around dumps suffer low productivity due to pollution of the soil and the destruction of natural micro-organisms.

28.3. Читання

Прочитайте текст. Знайдіть у словнику підкреслені слова.

Incinerators and landfills are both attempts to answer the question, “what do we do with waste?” Over the last century, governments have invested billions of dollars in increasingly sophisticated technologies in the vain hope of making waste disappear. Yet neither incinerators nor landfills truly dispose of waste; each creates significant, hazardous byproducts and generates additional waste streams that require further management. This is because waste, like all matter, can never truly be destroyed. The current paradigm of waste management attempts to impose a linear production model on a cyclical ecosystem.

In the linear model of the human economy, materials are first extracted from nature, then processed into goods, then consumed, and finally discarded. The challenge, therefore, is not merely to find a new method of dealing with waste, but to completely change the manner in which materials flow through human society. At the same time, human discards must be fed back into the economy in ways that reduce the pressure on natural resources. At that point, they are no longer wastes, but resources.

Alternative approaches must begin by questioning the fundamental assumptions of traditional waste management. These include the ever increasing quantity of waste generated, the mixing of disparate materials in the waste stream, and failure of much industrial design to take wastes properly into account. Waste generation is often projected to increase without limit for the foreseeable future. But it should be obvious that waste – and therefore resource consumption – cannot grow infinitely on a finite planet.

Waste management must therefore be replaced by materials management: creating a closed loop economy that neither generates significant wastes nor consumes resources beyond their replacement rate. In order to achieve this closed-loop economy, true waste (material that is of no use and must be disposed) must be differentiated from discards: materials that are of no further use to their present owner but are still a resource to be fed back into the economy. This means an end to the mixed waste stream. When discards are mixed, they become useless and appear to require large-scale disposal technologies to manage them.

Currently, waste management is treated as wholly unrelated to an econo-my’s production and consumption patterns. Governments collect and manage most waste while private firms and consumers produce it. As a result, private businesses shift a significant portion of their costs onto society as a whole by not taking responsibility for their waste streams and by manufacturing products that cannot readily be recycled. Even when producers do have responsibility for their wastes, such as process wastes from a factory, they rarely pay the full cost of managing them. Incineration and landfilling merely transfer the problem to other populations and future generations. Large-scale industrial redesign is needed to eliminate wastes that result from production and change products so that they may be recycled.

Ultimately, an effective program for dealing with waste is more about materials management than about technology. Although the details vary consi-derably, three principles are the key to solving the waste problem: prevention / minimization, waste stream segregation and industrial redesign.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. What are the traditional ways of waste disposal? 2. Why are incinerators and landfills harmful to the environment? 3. What is meant by a linear production model? 4. What is a true waste? 5. What is needed to eliminate wastes? 7. What are the key principles to solve the waste problem? 8. Are you ready to sort your wastes at home?

28.4. Граматика. Пряма та непряма мови

У непрямій мові обставинні слова змінюються:

Перетворення спонукальних речень в непрямій мові

Перетворення стверджувальних речень з прямої в непряму мову

Час підрядного речення не змінюється, якщо підрядне речення є висловлюванням, що не викликає заперечень. Наприклад, “The earth is round,” said the teacher. – The teacher said (that) the earth is round.

Past Continuous зазвичай не змінюється: “I was travelling to Brighton while she was flying to the USA,” he said. – He said he was travelling to Brighton while she was flying to the USA.

Модальні дієслова would, could, might, should, ought to не зміню-ються у непрямій мові: “He might visit us,” Mum said. – Mum said that he might visit us.

Вправа 2. Передайте непрямою мовою, використовуючи дієслова у дужках.

1. Close the door, please. (tell) – The teacher ___. 2. Will you hold these books for a moment, please? (ask) – The librarian ___. 3. Please don’t tell anyone about what happened. (ask) – Mike ___. 4. Keep silence! (tell). The teacher ___. 5. Could you give me a lift? (ask) – Jack ___. 6. Put on your hat and scarf at once! (tell) – Mother ___.

28.5. Домашнє завдання

Вправа 3. Запишіть речення непрямою мовою.

1. The physicist said to the journalist: “We have already finished the experiment”. 2. The young chemist said: “The discovery is of great practical value”. 3. The engineers replied: “We must make the design accessible for cleaning”. 4. The operator said: “It was difficult to maintain constant tempera-ture.” 5. The scientist said: “We have been discussing the problem with our colleagues for two hours” 6. The researcher declared: “The development of the electronic computer has changed the scientific world”. 7. The programmer argued: “Any programme contains at least one error”. 8. The plumber reassured us: “From now on the tap will work perfectly well”. 9. The chief said to a young designer: “Check the capacity of the engine”. 10. The lecturer said: “The neutron was discovered in 1932”.

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