The Black Sea Pollution

The story about the Black Sea pollution starts like almost any other pollution story. Once, about half a decade ago, the Black Sea had very rich and diverse marine ecosystems. It also had major economic benefits in the form of millions of tourists coming from all over the world, not to mention the abundant fisheries.

But in the 1990s, this important natural resource has been brought at the brink of destruction. Once rich biodiversity became only a fond memory, and foreign tourists are no longer coming to enjoy the natural beauties that this area once offered. There is also no more fish, and tragically the Black Sea has become an area to dump all forms of solid and liquid waste.

The Black Sea is full of different pollutants such as toxic metals and agrochemicals. These substances have caused an overproduction of phytoplankton which prevents light from reaching the sea grasses and algae, thus making a huge damage to marine life.

Many tanker accidents caused oil pollution, while coastal industries continue to discharge waste products directly, with little or no treatment. This, along with huge industrial activity in the area, shipping and offshore oil exploration have created critical environmental situation.

In order to fight this pollution, the six surrounding countries signed the Bucharest convention in 1992 but this convention has so far had very little impact because several governments have not yet released the funds needed to fulfill their commitments in fight against the Black Sea pollution.

And so the pollution still continues.

26.4. Граматика. Безсполучникові речення

Додаткові підрядні речення.

Характеризуються відсутністю сполучника that.

Означальні підрядні речення.

Характеризуються відсутністю слів who, whom, which, that.

У безсполучникових реченнях прийменник може стояти тільки після дієслова. Він виділяється наголосом.

Вправа 2. Перекладіть рідною мовою.

1. The hotel we stayed at is in the centre of the city. 2. The film we saw yesterday is not a very good one. 3. I think he is the best man I have ever known. 4. The experiments showed this substance was unique in its properties. 5. We know the value of voltage is the same in all the elements of a parallel circuit. 6. The weight of an atom depends on the number of protons and neutrons it contains. 7. The experiment we have made is of great importance to our laboratory. 8. The problem we will discuss is connected with new electronic devices. 9. We think cadmium is very useful for the application in transistors. 10. The instructor said people would use this device in long distance flights.

26.5. Домашнє завдання

Вправа 3. Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на безсполучникові підрядні речення. Визначте місця, де могли б стояти слова which, that, whom.

1. The papers you must take away and burn are in these boxes. 2. I like the watch my father gave me. 3. I do not think the distance is very great. 4. He says we’ll find these stones later on. 5. I am afraid you will be ill. 6. Don’t you know water becomes ice if the temperature is below zero? 7. The girl you are looking at is a young scientist. 8. Where is the umbrella I gave you? 9. What is the name of the river we see in the distance? 10. At the exhibition I saw the picture you like so much.

Вправа 4. Складіть по два речення англійською на кожний тип безспо-лучникового підрядного речення (п. 26.4).

Вправа 5. Розкажіть про забруднення води, використовуючи активні слова та словосполучення.

Lesson 27. Air Pollution

27.1. Усна тема. Забруднення повітря

Прочитайте текст. Знайдіть у словнику та запам’ятайте підкреслені слова.

Air pollution has probably been with us since the very beginning of our existence on this planet, and even when man was not present.

Today, industrial activity is so great and fuel-powered transportation devices are so numerous that air pollution of human origin is starting to produce noticeable effects on a global scale. Carbon monoxide (CO) emitted by auto-mobile engines arises from incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons found in gasoline in which the fuel reacts with less oxygen than it is theoretically possible. It is estimated that as a result of human activity about 260 million tons of carbon monoxide are released into the Earth’s atmosphere every year. Automobile exhaust gases contain an average of 4–5 % CO. As to sulphur oxides, they have other bad effects in addition to those concerning human health. In high concentrations they are lethal to vegetation.

There has appeared one more type of pollution which is threatening the globe as a whole. The protective layer of ozone around our planet is under severe attack. Alarm bells sounded in 1982 when researches in the Antarctic first identified a yawning hole where the ozone layer is the thinnest. Five years later it was reported that the hole had grown to an area the size of the United States. The fundamental importance of the ozone layer is that it acts as a filter intercepting most of the sun’s radiation including potentially harmful ultraviolet β-rays which can cause melanoma – skin cancer.

The cause of the appearance of the arctic hole is the growing industrial use of chlorine compounds called chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-s). CFC is a propellent gas commonly used in aerosol sprays, air cooling systems in fridges and air conditioning. There is the need for an international agreement that would completely stop CFC production.

Визначте, чи є правильними висловлювання.

1. Industrial activity produces no effect on nature. 2. Automobile engines emit carbon monoxide. 3. Every year one ton of carbon monoxide is emitted into the atmosphere. 4. Sulphur oxides are harmful only to human health. 5. Scientists discovered the hole in ozone layer in 1917. 6. Now the ozone hole is the size of Moldova. 7. Ozone layer protects the Earth against the sun’s radiation. 8. Too much ultraviolet radiation can cause only good suntan. 9. The arctic hole appeared due to the use of CFC-s. 10. CFC-s are used in nuclear reactors.

27.2. Письмові завдання

Вправа 1. Прочитайте та перекладіть письмово наступний текст.

Дата добавления: 2017-02-01; Просмотров: 61; Нарушение авторских прав?; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!