Universities in Great Britain

There are 46 universities in Britain. The oldest and best-known universities are located in Oxford, Cambridge, London, Manchester, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Bristol, and Birmingham. Oxford & Cambridge Universities date back from the 12th and 13th centuries. They are known all over the world and are the oldest and most prestigious universities in Britain. They are often called collectively Oxbridge, but both of them are completely independent.

Good A-level results in at least 2 subjects are necessary to get a place at a university. However, good exam passes alone are not enough. Universities choose their students after interviews.

After three or four years of study a university graduate will leave with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Science, Engineering, Medicine, etc. Later he may continue to take Master’s Degree and then a Doctor’s Degree.

There are about 30 Polytechnics in Great Britain. The Polytechnics, like the universities, offer first and higher degrees. Some of them offer full-time and sandwich courses (for working students).

Some school leavers at the age of 16 may go to a further education college where they can follow a course in typing, engineering, town planning, cooking, or hairdressing, full-time or part-time. Further education colleges have strong ties with commerce and industry.

There’s an interesting form of studies which is called the Open University. It has a correspondence system and is particularly designed for adults who missed the opportunity to study earlier or who are interested in some particular subjects. The Open University is free of charge.

Вправа 2. Заповніть пропуски словами з тексту.

1. There are ___ universities in Britain. 2. Oxford University was founded in the ___ century. 3. Oxford & Cambridge Universities are often called collectively ___. 4. To enter a university it is necessary to have good results of ___ exams in at least ___ subjects. 5. You can receive the Degree of Bachelor after ___ years of study. 6. Some of higher educational institutions offer full-time and ___ courses (for working students). 7. The Open University has a ___ system and is particularly designed for adults who missed the opportunity to study earlier.

21.4. Граматика. Вживання модальних дієслів з Perfect Infinitive

Вправа 3. Перекладіть рідною мовою.

1. He must have translated that article yesterday. 2. They must have forgotten all about it. 3. The discussion must have been very interesting. It’s a pity I could not stay. 4. The stu­dents may have translated these articles last month. 5. They may have returned home already. 6. My friend may have left two days ago. 7. They could have taken their exam in English yesterday. 8. She could have arrived some days ago. 9. He might have left his book in some other place. 10. She might have come if you had asked her. 11. I should have done it before. 12. You should have translated those articles long ago. 13. You could have informed me in time. 14. A specially designed computer should have been used in the equipment of the meteo probe. 15. You might have known that to stop the flow of electricity you have to use a switch. 16. The article should have been translated long ago, where is the translation?

Вправа 4. Перекладіть англійською, використовуючи модальні діє-слова з перфектним інфінітивом.

1. Не може бути, щоб він сказав це. 2. Чому ви так рано пішли? Ви могли б залишитись довше. 3. Можливо, ви залишили вашу парасольку в магазині. 4. Певно, він не чув будильника. 5. Мабуть, я забув виключити світло в лабораторії. 6. Вам не слід було пити так багато вина. 7. Вчора було дуже холодно. Вам слід було вдягнути більш тепле пальто. 8. Невже він відмо-вився вам допомогти? 9. Вам можна було не приїжджати так рано. Поїзд вирушає тільки через годину.

21.5. Домашнє завдання

Вправа 5. Прокоментуйте наступні дії, вживаючи модальні дієслова should, shouldn’t or needn’t. Examples:

1) A boy was impolite to a girl and did not apologize. – You should have apologized to the girl.

2) A pupil did all the exercises in writing, even those which were meant for oral practice. – You needn’t have done all the exercises in writing.

3) Your aunt is running a temperature. – You should consult the doctor.

What will you say to the person who:

1) bought bread which was not necessary?

2) was not present at the meeting?

3) sent a telegram which was quite unnecessary?

4) went out without his coat and caught cold?

5) apologized for asking you a question?

6) didn’t attend a very important lecture?

7) got up at six o’clock on Sunday morning, which was not at all necessary?

read till two o’clock in the morning?

8) copied the whole text into his exercise-book?

9) watered the garden, and it is raining now?

10) hasn’t returned the books to the library?

11) crossed the street under the red light?

12) doesn’t cross the street when the lights are green?

Вправа 6. Заповніть порівняльну таблицю систем освіти у Велико-британії та Україні.

Вправа 7. Складіть розповідь про типовий день британського школя-ра з використанням активних слів та виразів.

Lesson 22. The United States of America

22.1.Розмовна тема. Сполучені Штати Америки

Прочитайте текст і знайдіть підкреслені слова у словнику.

The United States of America popularly called “The States”, “the USA”, “The Land of Liberty” is one of the most powerful countries in the world. Since 1492, when Columbus discovered America, people from every country of the world have come to make their homes in America. Besides, the USA is often called “a nation of immigrants” because the country was settled, built, and developed by generations of immigrants and their children.

The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). It occupies the southern part of North America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is about 9.5 (nine and a half) million square kilometers. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a sea-boarder with Russia. The population of the country is more than 270 million.

The geography and the climate of the US is so varied that you can find there any landscape and weather. You can see enormous forests, snow-topped mountain peaks, gently rollingmeadows with many streams, sea cliffs, wide grass savannas and even deserts there. The country can be nominally divided into three areas: Eastern area is a highland, central area is a plain and Western area is mountains including the Rocky Mountains, the Cordilleras and the Sierra Nevada.

There are five Great Lakes in the northern part of the USA. They are: Huron, Michigan, Superior, Ontario and Erie. The world-famous water-fall called Niagara Fall is situated there. There are a lot of rivers in the US. The Mississippi together with its tributary the Missouri is one of the longest rivers in the world.

The USA is among the greatest industrial nations. Large deposits of oil, coal, iron and other minerals are solid base for the development of American industry. The US produces about 25% of the world’s industrial products, agricultural goods, and services. The US is the world’s leader in many branches, e.g. biochemical and genetic engineering, aerospace research, communications, computer and information services, and similar high-tech fields. The USA is also the world’s leading agricultural nation, which not only feeds her own people but exports the products abroad.

Washington, the capital of the USA, is situated in the District of Columbia (DC), named after Columbus, the discoverer of America. The city is named in honour of the first President George Washington who selected the location for the capital. Washington has been the capital of the USA since 1800.

The United States is a federal union of 50 states, each of which has its own government. The seat of the central (federal) government is the capital of the US – Washington, DC. This district is a piece of land which doesn’t belong to any state. According to the US Constitution the power in the country is divided into 3 branches: the executive, headed by the President, the legislative, exercised by the Congress, and the judicial. The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The seat of the Congress is the Capitol. The US President is chosen by electors from each state and holds office for 4 years. Nowadays the President may be elected for two terms only. The President must be a U.S. citizen by birth, resident in the country for 14 years, and at least 35 years old. The presidential election is held every fourth year (leap year) on the first Tuesday in No­vember. The official residence of the US President is the White House, where he works in the Oval Office.

The national banner of the United States of America, commonly known as “The Stars and Stripes” or “Old Glory”, is a flag bearing 50 stars and 13 stripes. Each star represents a present-day state and each stripe stands for one of the 13 original colonies. The national symbol of the US is the eagle.

Виберіть правильний варіант.

1. The discoverer of America was (Amerigo Vespucci, Christopher Columbus, Captain John Smith). 2. In the west the USA is washed by (the Atlantic Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean). 3. The US is the (fourth largest, smallest, largest) country in the world. 4. In the south the US borders on (Canada, Russia, Mexico). 5. The Great Lakes are situated in the (eastern, northern, western) part of the country. 6. The capital of the USA is (San Francisco, New York, Washington). 7. The American President is elected for (4, 5, 15) years. 8. The seat of the Congress is (the White House, the Capitol, the Empire State building). 9. The presidential elections are held on (the first Tuesday in November, the first Sunday in January, the first of May). 10. The American flag is called (“The Union Jack”, “The Maple Leaf”, “The Stars and Stripes”).

22.2. Письмові завдання

Вправа 1. Заповніть пропуски словами: large cities, the greatest, moun-tains, boarders on, rivers, subtropical, fifty states, situated, Federal district of Columbia, the largest city, washed by, very changeable, cities, cold weather, stands, the Appalachians, capital.

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