Industry, Science and Education in Kharkov

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What is Classical Physics?

Classical physics is a branch of physics in which matter and energy are two separate concepts. Based primarily on Sir Isaac Newton’s laws of motion and James Clerk Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetic radiation, classical physics is generally divided into several different areas. These areas include mechanics, dynamics, hydrodynamics, statics, optics, thermodynamics and acoustics, as well as the study of magnetism and electricity. The laws of conservation of mass, conservation of energy and conservation of momentum are also very important to classical physics. They state that mass and energy can be neither created nor destroyed, and the momentum of an object will only be changed if an outside force acts on it.

Виберіть правильний варіант.

1. Classical physics deals with matter and energy as ___.

a) two separate concepts b) a single notion c) the only things worth studying

2. The “parents” of classical physics are Newton and ___.

a) Faraday b) Einstein c) Maxwell

3. Classical physics also studies the law of ___.

a) transition from quantity to quality b) conservation of energy c) supply and demand

☺ Smile!

Teacher: And as you know, heat causes expansion and cold contraction. Elliot, can you give me an example?

Elliot: Yes, Sir. In summer when it’s hot the days are longer than in winter when it’s cold.

17.4. Граматика. Ступені порівняння прикметників і прислівників

І спосіб

II спосіб

G Запам’ятайте винятки!

He is in the farthest corner of the garden. – Він у самому дальньому куточку саду.

Further information will be given later. – Наступну інформацію Ви отримаєте пізніше.

He is 5 years older than me. – Він старший за мене на 5 років.

He is my elder brother. – Він мій старший брат.

G Запам’ятайте прислів’я з прикметниками у різних ступенях порівняння!

s Запитання для самоперевірки.

1. Чим відрізняється спосіб утворення ступенів порівняння багато-складових і односкладових прикметників? 2. Чи є різниця у способах утворення ступенів порівняння прикметників і прислівників?

Вправа 3. Утворіть порівняльний та найвищий ступені порівняння прикметників та прислівників.

1. Hot, long, short, clever, silly, great, red, black, white, thin, thick, fat, nice, warm, cold, merry, small, tall, high, weak, strong, heavy, light, green, dry, clean, dirty, wide, deep, brave.

2. Necessary, quickly, slowly, clearly, well, far, high, widely, poorly.

Вправа 4. Розкрийте дужки та перекладіть речення.

1. They are not (smaller, the smallest) particles, but they are very small. 2. This discovery is much (more important, the most important) than the previous one. 3. It is (easier, the easiest) to manufacture parts of plastics than of metal or wood. 4. This is (better, the best) laboratory in our Institute. 5. Aluminum is (lighter, the lightest) known metal. 6. Hydrogen is (lighter, the lightest) of the elements.

17.5. Домашнє завдання

Вправа 5. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи потрібну форму прикметника. Перекладіть рідною мовою.

1. Mike is (tall) than his brother. 2. Are you (young) in your group? 3. This book is (interesting) than that one. 4. That exercise is (easy) of all. 5. Lenin Avenue is (wide) than Pushkinskaya Street. 6. February is (short) of all the months of the year. 7. Her pronunciation is (good) than Nick’s. 8. Our house is (large) than your house. 9. These roses are (beautiful) than those. 10. Russia is a very (large) country.

Вправа 6. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи потрібну форму прикметника.

1. Which is (large): the United States or Canada? 2. What is the name of the (big) port in the United States? 3. Kiev is the (large) city in Ukraine. 4. The London underground is the (old) in the world. 5. There is a (great) number of cars in the streets of Kharkiv than in any other neighbouring town. 6. Paris is one of the (beautiful) cities in the world. 7. The rivers in America are much (long) than those in England. 8. The island of Great Britain is (small) than Greenland. 9. What is the name of the (high) mountain in Asia? 10. The English Channel is (wide) than the Strait of Gibraltar.

Вправа 7. Складіть розповідь про свій факультет з використанням активних слів та виразів (7 – 10 речень).

Lesson 18. The City of Science and Education

18.1. Розмовна тема. Місто науки та освіти

G Active Vocabulary:

crossroads – перехрестя; route – шлях; civil engineering – громадянське будівництво; jet aircraft – реактивний літак; control system – система керування; carrier rocket – ракета-носій; vehicle – транспортний засіб; to constitute – становити; core – ядро; solid-state physics – фізика твердого тіла, labour pool – трудовий резерв.

The city of Kharkiv was founded over 350 years ago at the crossroads of major transportation routes. It has now become one of Ukraine’s largest centres for science, industry and culture.

There are about 250 large industrial enterprises in the city, the most important of which are in mechanical engineering and metal working, electrical power engineering and construction materials industries. The chemical, printing and woodworking industries are also well developed, and the city has a highly developed civil engineering industry.

The products of Kharkiv companies are well known in Ukraine and abroad. They include tractors and turbines, jet aircrafts, automated machine tools, electrical motors and engines for agricultural machinery, TV sets and electrical devices, medical equipment and pharmaceuticals.

Specialists from Kharkiv have contributed greatly to rocket engineering and space exploration. Control systems for carrier rockets and space vehicles, as well as several generations of rocket systems, have been developed by research and engineering specialists from Kharkiv. These systems constitute the core of the CIS space program.

The research and development potential of the city is represented by its research and design institutes and design offices. Kharkiv is the largest regional centre for the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, and over 150 institutions in Kharkov deal with science and research work.

Fundamental research schools and universities in Kharkiv are leaders in the country. Investigations by Kharkiv scientists in the fields of solid-state physics, cryobiology and cryomedicine, radio electronics, crystal synthesis, low temperature physics, genetics and selection are known worldwide.

Specialists in various fields of knowledge are trained in Kharkiv state institutions including 6 academies, 10 universities and 8 institutes. Institutions such as Kharkiv National University, NTU “KhPI”, State Law Academy, Engineering and Pedagogic Academy, and Pharmaceutical Academy are well known and respected. There is also a growing number of private educational institutions.

The high educational level of the population is a major factor of the city’s progress.

The city has 193 elementary, middle and high schools, 8 college preparatory high schools, 37 vocational schools and 4 junior colleges. The students of these schools provide a highly qualified labour pool for business enterprises and institutions.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. When was Kharkiv founded? 2. Is Kharkiv the largest Ukrainian industrial centre? 3. How many industrial enterprises are there in Kharkiv? 4. What industries are presented in Kharkiv? 5. What products do Kharkiv enterprises manufacture? 6. What is Kharkiv’s contribution to the space exploration? 7. How many institutions in Kharkiv deal with science and research work? 8. What fields of science are the most developed in Kharkiv? 9. How many and which state institutions of higher education are there in Kharkiv?

18.2. Письмове завдання

Вправа 1. Заповніть пропуски в тексті такими словами та словосполученнями: leading, Peninsula, based on, education, city, globally, school, England, center, population, students, the United States, tourists.

Boston is the capital of and largest ___ in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in ___. The city has a ___ of about 618,000 people. In 1630, Puritan colonists from ___ founded the city on the Shawmut ___. Its rich history now helps attract over 20 million ___ every year. The city was the site of several “firsts”, including America’s first public ___, Boston Latin School (1635), and the first subway system in the United States (1897). With many colleges and universities within the city and surrounding area, Boston is an international ___ of higher ___ and a center for medicine. More than 100 colleges and universities are located in the Greater Boston Area, with more than 250,000 ___ attending college in Boston and Cambridge alone. The city’s economy is also ___ research, electronics, engineering, finance, and high technology – principally biotechnology. Besides, the city is a ___ finance center. The city was also ranked number one for innovation, both ___ and in North America.

18.3. Читання

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