Л. І. Мацько, О. М. Мацько 7 страница

II. Those persons who no longer have a functioning spleen, either as a result of
splenectomy or because of a destructive disease process, are at very high risk for
the development of life-threatening infections.

12. When a number of valves no longer function efficiently, the blood collects in the veins, which gradually become swollen and more distended.

Упражнение

79

А. Конструкция rather than представляет собой ус­тойчивое сочетание и обычно переводится на рус­ский язык словами "а не".

Б. Переведите предложения с данной конструкцией.

1. Diagnosis, rather than treatment, is usually the main focus of the activities of
pathologists.

2. A diagnosis of hypertension should be based on a series of readings rather than
a single measurements that could be influenced by emotional state or physical
activity.

3. To homeopaths, illness is seen as a sign of disharmony or imbalance in the body's
normal working, so they try to resolve underlying problem rather than simply
dealing with symptoms.

4. Hippocrates [hi'pokra'ti:z] (a. 400 B.C.) believed that patients should be treated
using scientific methods rather than trusting in magic or religious beliefs.

5. It is from the lymph rather than from the blood that tissues receive their nourishment
and into it they excrete their waste products.

Упражнение

80

А. В конструкции used to + V, выполняющей функцию сказуемого, used означает, что действие, выра­женное инфинитивом, носило обычный или регу­лярный характер в прошлом. На русский язык used переводится вводными словами "раньше", "обыч­но", "бывало".

Б. Переведите предложения с данной конструкцией.

1. People used to tell time by the sun.

2. People are living longer today than they used to.

3. Malaria used to be a more common disease than it is today, and many people
died from it.

4. Nowadays there are far fewer deaths from typhoid than there used to be.

5. Many people who used to eat meat regularly are now avoiding it.

6. Vegetarians used to be regarded as very strange but vegetarianism is now becoming
much more popular in Britain.

7. The hospital records used to be kept on a card index, but have been transferred
to the computer.

8. There are several kinds of sensation. The old classification used to be that there
were five senses.

9. A severe form of this type of anaemia, known as chlorosis, used to be common,
but it is seldom seen nowadays.

10. Biologists used to think that the immune system was a separate, independent
part of the body.

11. Women are much more knowledgeable than they used to be about pregnancy
and the birth process.

12. Surgical removal of the tonsils and adenoids is done much less than it used to be,
but it still has a place in the treatment of recurrent sore throat in childhood when
the tonsils are obviously unhealthy.

13. Scientists used to believe that adult brains did not grow any new neurons, but it
has emerged that new neurons can sprout in the brain of adult rats, birds and
even humans.

14. Addiction used to be defined in terms of the severity of the withdrawal. Then the
idea of the three Cs was coined: Compulsion, less of Control and Continued use.

15. Many people used to take natural resources for granted. We have wasted many
of those resources and caused thousands of hectares of land to become useless.

16. A hundred years ago people used to eat on average a kilo of sugar each year.
Now we eat a kilo a week.

17. The cooperation of industry, labor, and government in developing various protective
measures has made silicosis a much less common disease today than it used to
be.

18. Scientists used to think that adult illnesses like diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular
disease and breast cancer were the result of either unhealthy living or bad genes.
No longer. New research suggests that these conditions may have their roots
before birth.

19. Infectious diseases used to be the most serious health problem, but work by
Pasteur [pa:s'ta:] and Lister ['hsta] in the 19th century helped to reduce them.

20. People used to believe that medical help was necessary only when they became
ill. It is now widely recognised that preventive medicine has an important role to
play in maintaining the health of the population at large.

РАЗДЕЛ 16 Перевод сложных определений

Упражнение 81

А. Найдите в предложениях существительные, к ко­торым относятся выделенные сложные определе­ния. В случае если определение не имеет парал­лели в русском языке, оно переводится либо раз­вёрнутым определением, либо придаточным пред­ложением.

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. Some physicians also prescribe a high-protein diet to compensate for the protein
lost in the urine.

2. This two-way exchange takes place across the placental membrane, which is
semi-permeable.

3. Rubella is a mild systemic disease caused by a virus which is also called three-
day measles.

4. The retina is composed of light-sensitive neurons arranged in three layers.

5. Hypoglycemia is a lower-than normal level of glucose in the blood.

6. Low-birth-weight and very-low-birth-weight infants are particularly susceptible
to infections because their immunologic system is deficient.

7. Placebo is an inactive substance or less-than-effective dose of a harmless substance
prescribed and administered as if it were an effective dose of a needed drug.

8. Untreated, the pain that accompanies all-too-common ailments such as arthritis,
cancer and neurological disorders can slow recovery and severely impair a person's
quality of life.

9. Through the one-cell-layer-thick walls of capillaries oxygen and nutrients are
passed from arterioles to body tissue.

10. At a biochemical level, caffeine increases levels of catecholamines, the neuro-
transmitters involved in the fight-or-flight response.

11. Medicines are divided into two main classes: prescription medicines and over-
the-counter medicines.

12. Microorganisms provide easy-to-work-with material for studying the complex
processes of life, e.g. metabolism.

13. Face is the most-looked-at part of anybody's body.

14. An as-yet-undefined relationship exists between asthma and the emotions.

15. There is no as-yet-successful treatment for curing this disorder.

16. Various not-yet-fully-understood factors may result in acute pancreatitis.

17. Skin care is important, especially for infants and not-yet-toilet-trained toddlers.

18. Doctors recommend the early-to-bed-early-to-rise routine.

Упражнение 82

А. Найдите в предложениях определения, выражен­ные особой формой прилагательного, второй час­тью которого является слово -shaped, означающее "имеющий форму" (на форму указывает первая часть сложного определения).

Например: V-shaped

имеющий форму буквы V (V-образный) Б. Переведите предложения.

1. Animal cells may be round, egg-shaped, or rectangular.

2. Blood platelets are small coin-shaped particles, much smaller than the red cells.

3. Chromosomes are V-shaped pieces seen in the nuclei of cells during cell division,
but not seen in resting cells.

4. The pancreas lies within the abdomino-pelvic cavity in the J-shaped loop between
the stomach and small intestine.

5. Men has two bean-shaped kidneys located in the posterior part of the abdomen.

6. A tonsil is an almond-shaped mass of lymphoid tissue at either side of the back
of the mouth.

7. A snail-shaped bony canal, the cochlea, winds two and a half times around a
pillar of bone and opens into the wall of vestibule.

8. The L-shaped palatine bones form the posterior portion of the hard palate.

9. The clavicles are S-shaped bones that originate at the superior and lateral border
of the manubrium of the sternum.

10. The hyoid is a small U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue supporting the
tongue and its muscles.

11. The horseshoe-shaped large intestine begins at the end of the ileum and ends at
the anus.

12. Mitochondria are sausage-shaped bodies with a highly folded interior.

13. Smooth muscle consists of spindle-shaped cells 40-200 mm long and 4-20 mm
thick with a central nucleus.

14. The scapula is a flat triangular-shaped bone, that has certain prominent processes.

15. Each tracheal cartilage is C-shaped. The closed portion of the С protects the
anterior and lateral surfaces of the trachea. The open portion of the С faces
posteriously, toward the esophagus.'

РАЗДЕЛ 17 Значения некоторых приставок

Упражнение 83

A. Найдите в предложениях слова с отрицательным
значением, выраженным различными приставками:
ab-, dis-, поп-, ип-, il-, im-, in-, ir-.

Определите, какой частью речи являются эти слова.

Б. Отбросив приставки, составьте антонимические пары слов и дайте их перевод.

Например: complete - incomplete полный - неполный

B. Переведите предложения.

1. Connective tissue consists mainly of long fibers embedded in noncellular matter,
the ground matter.

2. In surgical patients suffering from the condition there is frequently sudden and
uncontrollable hemorrhage.

3. Many drugs produce some very useful action but have in addition some highly
undesirable side action.

4. Crohn's disease is believed to be a genetic disorder, and is related in some way
to an abnormal tissue response to an unidentified etiologic agent.

5. When a wound is extensive, with uneven edges, the repair cells are unable to
pull the edges together.

6. The symptoms of chronic nephritis are often unpredictable, with great variations
in different cases.

7. The goal of psychoanalysis is to uncover unconscious psychological patterns and
enable the patient to discover the influence of these patterns in daily life.

8. Unfortunately there are no immediate solutions for preventing or reversing this
form of progressive deafness.

9. A potential disadvantage of combined therapy is the possibility that antibiotics,
when administered together, may actually interfere with each other's action.

10. The medication should never be discontinued abruptly for any reason.

11. The body in its normal processes regulates cell growth in an orderly manner. In
cancer, there is no regulation and cell reproduction and growth is disorderly.

12. When platelets encounter a leak in a blood vessel, they disintegrate and adhere
to the edges of the injured tissue.

13. To homeopaths illness is seen as a sign of disharmony or imbalance in the body's
normal working.

14. Congenital heart defects result from improper development of the heart and
blood vessels during the prenatal period.

15. Some joints are immovable, such as certain fixed joints where segments of bone
are fused together in the skull.

16. The amplitude of a pulse can range from totally impalpable to bounding and full.

17. If total adrenalectomy is necessary, the removal of both glands creates a serious
and potentially fatal insufficiency of the hormones these glands produce.

18. The formation of the bladder stones results from incomplete emptying of bladder,
with pooling of urine and inadequate elimination of wastes.

19. For centuries medicine and pharmacy were not independent.

20. Edema of the ankle is not infrequently observed in the severe anemias but its
cause is not always apparent.

21. Galen ['geuan] (A.D. 130 — 200) made many valuable anatomic and physiologic
observations on animals and applied many of them inaccurately to man.

22. Indigestible parts of the food pass into the large intestine.

23. Glucose intolerance due to insulin lack resulting from degeneration of the islets
of Langerhans is a late manifestation of chronic pancreatitis.

24. The connection between rheumatic fever and a previous streptococcal infection
has been proved only indirectly.

25. Irregular slow waves, called delta waves, are normally found in deep sleep.

26. Amnesia victims usually have a good chance of recovery if there is no irreparable
brain damage.

27. If the bone marrow is not irreparably damaged, the prognosis is good with proper
treatment.

28. The complex network of innumerable and microscopically small capillaries
distributed throughout the tissues supplies blood to all cells in the body.

Упражнение

84

А. Выпишите выделенные слова и найдите их пере­вод. Определите в них корень и приставку. Отбро­сив приставку, составьте пары однокоренных слов. Возле каждой пары напишите значение приставки.

Например: malnutrition - недостаточное питание nutrition - питание (mal- - плохой, неправильный)

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. The presence of albumin in the urine indicates malfunction of the kidney.

2. The endocrine glands and enzymes are vital to the proper use of food by the
body, and defects in their functioning may cause forms of malnutrition.

3. In medical and nursing practice, malpractice means bad, wrong, or injudicious
treatment of a patient professionally.

4. A lack of vitamin D can cause rickets, which results in malformed limbs in infants
because the bones fail to harden properly.

5. 90% of people infected with ТВ never show signs of the disease unless they
become malnourished or immunosuppressed.

6. Anyone can become undernourished if he seriously neglects his diet.

7. Overnutrition disturbs metabolism in many ways. It often begins in infancy with
the use of overconcentrated milk formulae laced with sugar.

8. Overweight children usually become overweight adults.

9. Overindulgence in alcohol does not alleviate anxiety but only makes it worse.

10. The major benefits obtained in treating diseases such as lymphoma, breast cancer
and multiple myeloma far outweigh the risks of developing a second malignancy.

11. Lay persons often are misinformed about the cause and effects of acne.

12. The primary aim in the treatment of metabolic alkalosis is to reestablish fluid and
electrolyte balance.

13. To reroute the flow of blood around blockages in coronary arteries, surgeons
must graft other vessels (taken from the patient's chest and leg) onto the diseased
vessel, past the obstructions.

14. Certain cells can resynthesize glucose.

15. A premature baby has little fat of any kind, and unless it is artificially kept warm
its temperature quickly falls to a dangerous level.

РАЗДЕЛ 18 Внешне похожие слова,

которые часто путают

Упражнение

85

А. Выпишите пары и группы внешне похожих слов и определите, в чём их различие в написании и по значению.

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. It is believed that prehistoric man suffered from some of the same dental diseases
that afflict modern man.

2. Every human being begins life as a single cell no bigger that the dot above the
letter "i".

3. In many cases the cause of pneumonia is bacterial.

4. The kidneys remove waste matter from the body in the form of urine.

5. The force with which blood pushes against the blood vessel wall is called the
blood pressure.

6. a) The symptoms of brain tumor vary.

b) The number of accessory glands and organs that empty secretions into the alimentary canal is very great.

7. a) This effect is sometimes boosted by ultraviolet light treatment,
b) Many factors affect heartbeat and circulation.

8. a) Lack of vitamin A affects the body's growth and resistance to disease,
b) Most effects on the circulation are indirect and complex.

9. a) Arterial pressure is also affected by the chemical composition of the blood,
b) The movements of the eye-ball are effected by six small muscles.

10. a) It has long been thought that gastric ulcers are related to the production of acid.

b) The human body has a thorough digestive system which performs chemical
rearrangement of food.

c) After food has been chewed, it passes through the esophagus into the stomach.

d) Deep fascia is the tough fibrous tissue covering muscles, blood vessels, and
nerves.

e) Though the human body is composed of a vast number of individual units,
these units must function together as a whole.

Тексты

для тренировочного и контрольного перевода

(к части 4)

1. Although there js no clear evidence that hypertension can be prevented by staying thin, keeping one's salt intake low, and eating a lot of green vegetables, and fruit 122

with high potassium content, it seems reasonable to pursue such a course especially if one is slightly obese and has a family history of hypertension.

2. As far as transplant surgery is concerned, man's best friend is the pig. Pig heart
valves, for instance, can be used as replacements for human ones, while, in
emergencies, pig skin has been grafted to deal with severe burns. Because pig
tissues are the nearest in chemical composition to those of man, they are not so
readily rejected by the defence systems of the recipients' bodies as tissues from
other animals.

3. When a muscle contracts many changes occur in it besides shortening. One
change that is not obvious, but which can be demonstrated by suitable apparatus,
is that it develops what is known as a "current of action". That part of a muscle
which is contracting becomes negative to that part which is quiescent, and a
current that can be measured by a galvanometer flows from one part to the other.

4. It is well to remember that all drugs can cause both wanted and unwanted effects
on the body. The unwanted ones are called side effects, and these must be
balanced against the effects desired in determining if a particular drug will do
more harm than good. It is a fact that all drugs have the potential to be both
beneficial and harmful.

5. There are two types of bone: those that develop by replacing cartilage and those
that form directly from connective tissue. The latter, which include the bones of
the cranium, are usually platelike in shape and form in the skin of the developing
embryo. The cranium is moulded to the contours of the brain; it is the growth of
the brain that determines the shape of the bones and not vice versa.

6. The most obviously unusual thing about blood is that it is a liquid, whereas other
tissues of the body are solid or semisolid. The blood is divided into two parts: a
watery portion, the plasma, and the formed elements. It is the formed elements
which give blood its viscosity. It is because the formed elements do not adhere to
each other but float individually in the blood that blood remains fluid.

7. Since the number of red corpuscles in the blood stream remains fairly constant
though they are being continually destroyed, it is obvious that they must be
replenished from time to time. It is clear that it is not concentration of red blood
cells in the blood that controls the rate of red cell production, but instead it is the
functional ability of cells to transport oxygen to the tissues in relation to tissue
demand for oxygen.

8. In bronchial asthma there is widespread narrowing of airways, varying over short
periods of time either spontaneously or as a result of treatment, due in varying
degree to contraction (spasm) of smooth muscle, edema of the mucosa, chronic
or recurrent local inflammation of the submucosa with eventual fibrosis, and
excessive mucus in the lumen of the bronchi and bronchioles; these changes are
caused by the local release of spasmagens and vasoactive substances (e.g. histamine
or prostaglandins) in the course of an allergic process.

РАЗДЕЛ 19 Знаете ли Вы?

Упражнение 86

А. Вставьте следующие определения, характеризую­щие различные кости скелета:

flat rectangular

long small

narrow triangular

quadrangular wide

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. The calcaneus is the irregular... bone at the back of the tarsus.

2. The coccyx is a small... bone projecting beyond the sacrum.

3. The femur is the..., strongest and heaviest bone of the body.

4. The lachrymal bones are the... and most fragile bones of the face.

5. The patella is a small irregularly... bone over the anterior aspect of the knee.

6. The ribs are 12 pairs of thin... curved long bones, forming the posterior and
lateral walls of the chest.

7. The scapula is a... thin triangular bone in the upper part of the back.

8. The sternum is the elongated... bone extending down the midline of the chest.

Упражнение

87

А. Вставьте следующие предлоги, чтобы точно опи­сать расположение различных органов и частей тела человека:

above between

around in front of

behind near

below within

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. The abdomen is the space... the body... the diaphragm and... the pelvis.

2. Adenoids are the lymph glands located in the throat... the nose.

3. The ankle joint is formed where the top of the talus fits in... the lower ends of
tibia and fibula.

4. From its origin at the left ventricle, the aorta passes upward, curves... the he art,
and runs downward.

5. The brain is contained... the cranium and constitutes the upper part of the
cerebro-spinal axis.

6. The duodenum forms a loop... the head of the pancreas.

7. The forehead is the part of the face... the eyes and... the hair.

8. The gall-bladder is a hollow, pear-shaped organ located... the liver in the right
upper portion of the abdomen.

9. The hand is the section of the upper limb... the wrist.

10. The heart is situated slightly to the left of the central part of the chest... the
lungs.

11. The lungs lie free... the pleural cavities of the thorax except where they are
attached at their roots.

12. The parathyroid glands are situated... the thyroid.

13. The pancreas lies... the stomach, except for its head, which lies... the curve of
the duodenum.

14. The spinal cord is the lower portion of the central nervous system which is
situated... the spinal column.

15. The spleen is the organ in the top part of the abdominal cavity... the stomach.

16. The sublingual gland lies... the tongue.

17. The kneecap is a small bone... the knee joint.

Упражнение 88

А. Вставьте количественные характеристики разме­ров и функционирования различных органов, ис­пользуя числительные, приведённые в скобках пос­ле каждого текста.

Б. Переведите на русский язык.

1. The phalanges are the bones of the digits: they are... in number,... for each
finger and... for the thumb.

(2; 3; 14)

2. The lungs inflate and deflate... times per minute in adults,... times per minute in
teenagers,... times per minute in... year old and... times per minute in newborns.

(2-12; 12-20; 15-17; 20-30; 30-50)

3. Feet contain... bones,... muscles,... ligaments, about... sweat glands each and
about... nerve endings coming from all areas of the body.

(19; 29; 115; 72,000; 250,000)

4. The skeleton makes up... of total body weight, contains... of the total calcium in
the body,... of the phosphate,... of carbonate,... of the citrate,... of the magnesium,
... of the sodium, and... of the water.

(9%; 16%; 35%; 50%; 70%; 80%; 88%; 99%)

5. An average man contains about... litres of water (... per cent of body weight). The
cells contain... litres.... litres are in the plasma of the blood. The remaining... fill
the spaces between groups of cells. The... litres of blood in the body can hold at

the most... litre of oxygen, which is enough to keep a man alive for... minutes at rest or less than a minute during exercise.

(1; 3; 4; 5; 12; 30; 45; 70)

6. The body has over... organs,... joints,... bones,... nerves,... arteries,... muscles,
as well as... meters of gut and... square meters of lung. Every cell carries...
genes on... meters of DNA in... chromosomes. There are... inherited diseases
and another... acquired diseases. More than... drugs are available to treat these
diseases.

(2; 8; 46; 50; 100; 105; 206; 400; 500; 600; 3,000; 10,000; 20,000; 50,000)

7. The human subject is provided, with... sets of teeth, which make their appearance
at different periods of life. The first set to erupt are the deciduous, or milk teeth.
They are... in number:... incisors,... canines and... molars, in each jaw. They
usually begin to appear about the age of... months. The permanent teeth are...
in number:... incisors (... central and... lateral),... canines,... bicuspids, and...
molars, in each jaw. They erupt between the ages of... and... years. In some
cases, however, the last... permanent teeth, or wisdom teeth, may fail to erupt at
all.

(2 (5 раз); 4 (5 раз); 6 (3 раза); 18; 20; 32)

Ключи к некоторым упражнениям

Упр. 1

1-1 7-а 13-d

2-е 8-b 14-r

3-р 9-n 15-h

4-k 10-c 16-i

5-q 11-m 17-g

6-o 12-f 18-j

Упр. 8

1-g 5-c

2-a 6-e

3-f 7-b

4-d

Упр. 11

1. are required, is present 8. is accompanied

2. have 9. exist

3. occur, do not influence 10. there are

4. developed 11. is known

5. was discovered, was given 12. there is

6. keeps, helps, build 13. requires, is provided

7. are affected 14. manufacture, result from
Упр. 40

1-f 6-b

2-j 7-g

3-d 8-a

4-e 9-h

5-i 10-c

Упр. 86

1. quadrangular 5. rectangular

2. triangular 6. narrow

3. longest 7. wide

4. smallest 8. flat

Упр. 87

1. in front of, below, above 10. between

2. behind 11. within

3. between 12. near

4. behind 13. behind, within

5. within 14. within

6. around 15. behind

7. above, below 16. below

8. below 17. in front of

9. below

Упр. 88

1) 14; 3; 2

2) 15-17; 12-20; 20-30; 2-12; 30-50

3) 29; 19; 115; 250,000; 72,000

4) 16; 99; 88; 80; 70; 50; 35; 9

5) 45; 70; 30; 3; 12; 5; 1; 4

6) 50; 100; 206; 400; 500; 600; 8; 105; 10,000; 2; 46; 3,000; 50,000; 20,000

7) 2; 20; 4; 2; 4; 6; 32; 4; 2; 2; 2; 4; 6; 6; 18; 4

Индекс

(приведены номера упражнений)

Герундий

различие между герундием, причастием I и отглагольным существительным 30

функции в предложении 29 Глагол

времена в действительном залоге 3, 4, 6 времена в страдательном залоге 7, 8, 10, 11 to be:

настоящее время, единственное и множественное число 1, 8

конструкция there be 2 модальные глаголы 13 многозначность глаголов:

в сочетании с существительными 70

в сочетании с предлогами 69, 71

распознавание форм действительного и страдательного залога 10, 11 совпадение форм глагола и существительного 5 согласование времён 12

спряжение глагола в настоящем времени 3, 4 трансформация действительного залога в страдательный 9 Дополнение

инфинитив-дополнение 31 конструкция "Сложное дополнение" 35 придаточные дополнительные предложения 45 Значения отдельных слов и словосочетаний as 62, 63 as... as 66, 67 as long as 64 as soon as 64 as well as 65 both 14

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