Л. І. Мацько, О. М. Мацько 4 страница

3. The human body is made up of millions of cells that reguire nutrients and energy,
and which grow, multiply, and die.

4. Plasma is often used to give transfusions to persons who have lost a large quantity
of blood from severe hemorrhage in order to restore blood volume quickly.

5. On its way through the nasal passages, the cold air from outside is preheated by
a large supply of blood, which gives off warmth through the thin mucous
membranes that lines the respiratory tract.

6. Platelets are disklike structures that develop from cells produced in the marrow.
They release substances that start the process of blood clotting.

7. Bile's digestive properties result from bile salts, which are manufactured by the
liver from a fatty substance called cholesterol. Bile salts break up globes of fat
into tiny particles that digestive enzymes in the small intestine can attack.

8. Nutrition may be defined as a science which deals with the food materials which
the living organisms take in and the processes through which these materials
maintain life and sustain all the activities of the organism.

9. The factors that are of the greatest importance in determining the amount of
sweat which is produced are the level of the external temperature and the amount
of muscular activity that is taking place in the body.

10. The many important discoveries in human anatomy and physiology, infectious and other diseases, drugs, and the therapeutic procedures that took place during the 19th and 20th centuries have had a direct bearing on the important develop­ments that occured in the field of public health.

Упражнение 48

А. Проанализируйте структуру сложно-подчинённых предложений. Найдите ядро в главном и прида­точном предложениях, а также определяемое сло­во в главном предложении, к которому придаточ­ное определительное присоединяется бессоюзно.

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. The tar in cigarette smoke can produce cancer in any tissues it comes in contact
with, such as the mouth, the throat and the lungs.

2. Changes in the amount of a hormone secreted result in stimulation or depression
of activity in the organs and tissues they affect.

3. A fetus obtains the water, organic nutrients, and electrolytes it needs from the
maternal circulation.

4. Many muscles are attached to the bones they move by a narrow strip of dense
connective tissue called a tendon.

5. Blood returning to the heart is pumped by the right side of the heart into the
lungs, where the carbon dioxide it has collected in the body is exchanged for
oxygen.

6. The pituitary gland is the most important gland in the body because the hormones
it secretes control the functioning of the other glands.

7. The size of the stomach varies with the amount of food it contains.

8. When an artery is completely blocked, the tissues it supplies rapidly undergo
degeneration and die.

9. One of the most important tools scientists use to study cells is the microscope.

10. The kinds of proteins a cell makes largely determine the nature of the cell.

11. Mitochondria produce almost all the energy the cell needs to live and do its
work.

12. One nerve fiber may supply from one to 200 muscle fibers, depending upon the
type of work the muscle is called upon to perform.

13. Like any other muscle, the heart needs a supply of oxygen in proportion to the
work it is doing, and the supply depends on the rate of flow in the arteries.

14. The proteins the cell needs in order to grow, repair itself, and perform hundreds
of chemical operations are made on the ribosomes.

15. The time it takes for blood to complete a single circulatory cycle is highly variable
among species but tends to be much longer in invertebrates than in vertebrates.

16. The anatomical atlas by Galen ['geilan] (130 — 200 A.D.) was used by medical
students during the Middle Ages mostly to memorise the astrological signs they
believed ruled each body part.

17. The organs and systems of the body vary greatly in quantity of blood they require
at different times.

18. The seriousness of rheumatic fever lies primarily in the permanent damage it can
do to the heart.

9.5 Придаточные предложения времени

А. Проанализируйте структуру сложно-подчинённых предложений с придаточными обстоятельства вре­мени, которые могут находиться как до, так и пос­ле главного предложения. Опираясь на схемы, при­ведённые ниже, найдите ядро в главном и прида­точном предложениях и укажите союз, которым придаточное предложение присоединяется к глав­ному.

Сложно-подчинённое предложение

или

Сложно-подчинённое предложение

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. The nasal passages filter the air as it passes through them.

2. The large intestine absorbs water from the food after it has passed through the
small intestine.

3. When the walls of the ventricles contract, the blood is sent out under pressure
into the aorta and pulmonary artery.

4. Once the food is chewed and moistened and reduced to a semi-liquid state, the
tongue rolls it into a ball and pushes it backward into the pharynx.

5. The complex of digestive processes gradually simplifies the foods eaten until
they are in a form suitable for absorption.

6. Except in emergency situations every effort is made to have the patient in a state
of optimal health before surgery is performed.

7. As the baby takes its first breath the lungs fill and expand pressing against the rib
cage.

8. After food has been chewed and swallowed, it must be moved through the gastro­
intestinal tract for further preparation and final disposition.

9. Even when an individual muscle is voluntarily relaxed, some of its fibers are in
contraction.

10. Once vitamin B₁₂ has been absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract it is stored in
large quantities in the liver.

11. Pancreatic cancer is a silent disease that develops without apparent symptoms
until it is far advanced.

12. Immediately after a blood vessel is traumatized, its wall contacts in the region of
the injury.

13. Patients with typhoid fever are placed under enteric precautions until the urine
and feces are free of bacilli.

14. Blood transfusions became practicable and safe in 1900, after Landsteiner
discovered blood groups.

15. Today patients may be fitted with a prosthesis immediately after the limb is
removed and before they leave the operating room.

9.6 Придаточные предложения причины

Упражнение 50

А. Проанализируйте структуру сложно-подчинённых предложений с придаточными обстоятельства при­чины, которые могут находиться как до, так и пос­ле главного предложения. Опираясь на схемы, при­ведённые на стр. 76-77 в упр. 49, найдите ядро в главном и придаточном предложениях и укажите союз, которым придаточное предложение присое­диняется к главному.

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. The pelvis is much stronger than the shoulder girdle as it has to support the full
weight of the body.

2. The joints are prone to injury because they are in the less protected places of the
body and are subject to great stresses.

3. An outstanding feature of the heart as a machine is its capacity to perform
continuous work, for it beats continuously during the life of the body.

4. The spleen is thought to be only a helper of other glands and organs for it may
be removed from the body without any noticeable ill effects.

5. The systemic blood flow can take different routes since the systemic circulation
consists of numerous parallel subcircuits.

6. Even benign tumours can be harmful because their size or position may distort or
damage nerves, blood vessels or organs.

7. The liver is also part of the circulatory system, since it cleans poisons out of the
blood and regulates blood's composition in various other ways.

8. As the cells of the body reguire a constant supply of oxygen, the process of
diffusion of oxygen from the blood across the capillary wall to the tissue fluid
and then into the cells is continuous.

9. Because mobile joints have to be able to withstand the friction of movement they
are complex.

10. Normally, the human body lives in symbiosis with many bacteria, for all the
mucous membranes of the body are constantly exposed to large numbers of
bacteria.

11. Since the body is formed of about 50% water, a normal adult needs to drink about
2.5 litres of fluid each day.

12. Because their walls are thinner and contain a lower proportion of smooth muscle,
veins are much more distensible than arteries.

13. Since the liver also secretes bile directly into the duodenum, the gall bladder is
not an essential organ and can be removed by surgery.

14. As research in antineoplastic therapy continues it is expected that newer, less
hazardous, and more precisely targeted chemical agents will be developed.

15. Any person suffering from bad vision or discomfort of the eyes, should see a
physician immediately, for he may have a serious eye disease, e.g. glaucoma.

9.7 Придаточные предложения условия

ТИПЫ УСЛОВНЫХ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЙ

Упражнение 51

А. Проанализируйте сложно-подчинённые предложе­ния с придаточными условия. Используя таблицу на стр. 79, определите форму глагола-сказуемого в главном и придаточном предложениях и укажи­те, какое условие (реальное или нереальное) опи­сано в предложениях.

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. If blood flow is cut off from any organ, that organ cannot obtain oxygen, it has no
nutrient and the cells of the organ die.

2. Many cancers can be cured by surgical removal if they are detected early, before
there has been spread of significant numbers of tumour cells to distant sites.

3. If a person eats an adequate, varied diet of meats, fish, vegetables, and dairy
products he will receive enough vitamins to meet his usual requirements.

4. If the body absorbs enough potassium but the element is not distributed properly,
various disorders may develop.

5. If the central nervous system is damaged, paralysis frequently affects the move­
ment of a limb as a whole, not the individual muscle.

6. If the normal pacemaker(the sinoatrial node) fails to function, its regulating task
may be taken over by another small mass of special muscular tissue, the
atrioventricular node.

7. Benign tumours do not endanger life unless they interfere with normal functions
of other organs or affect a vital organ.

8. In most cases polyps cause no symptoms unless they become large enough to
obstruct the intestine or become ulcerated so that they bleed.

9. If cancer is suspected, a small piece of tissue may be cut from the diseased part
and examined in the laboratory to see if cancerous cells are present.

10. Unless the salts are present in proper amount and in proper proportion, metabolism
is impossible.

11. If both kidneys are affected, death will occur within a few days unless medical
assistance is provided.

12. Unless growth of bacteria is prevented or stopped, serious infection can take
place.

13. If too much water has been lost from the blood, the hypothalamus stops the
kidneys from excreting water.

14. If the tumour is near the surface this may result in skin ulceration and infection.

15. If acute gout is recognized at an early stage and treated correctly, the develop­
ment of the chronic form can generally be prevented.

16. If the liver is diseased, or if the flow of bile is obstructed, or if destruction of
erythrocytes is excessive, the bilirubin accumulates in the blood and eventually
will produce jaundice.

Упражнение 52

А. Проанализируйте сложно-подчинённые предложе­ния с придаточными условия. Используя таблицу на стр. 79, определите форму глагола-сказуемого в главном и придаточном предложениях и укажи­те, какое условие (реальное или нереальное) опи­сано в предложениях.

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. The skeletons of animals would be too stiff to move if they were not carefully
fitted with joints.

2. If the arteries had rigid walls, the heart would have to pump all the blood without
their assistance and would work harder than it does.

3. If the small intestine were removed from the body it would be 6.7 m long. In the
body, however, it is shortened like a concertina to a mere 2.4 m.

4. If the kidney were not able to concentrate the filtrate produced by glomerular
filtration, fluid losses would lead to fatal dehydration in a matter of hours.

5. If there were no way for excess interstitial fluid to return to the blood, the tissues
would become swollen.

6. If the cell membrane were freely permeable to sodium ions, more of these positively
charged ions would move into the cell and the transmembrane potential would
move close to zero.

7. Inflamed surfaces of peritoneum tend to adhere and so to restrict the spread of
peritonitis. If this were not so, untreated peritonitis would almost always be fatal
within a day or two.

8. Even if 80 to 90 per cent of the small intestine were removed, the remaining part
would still provide for sufficient absorption.

9. If the spinal column were indeed a single bone, the back would be rigid and
unbending.

10. Skin is the largest organ of the body. If the skin of an adult were spread out flat,
it would cover about 1.7 square meter.

11. It is not true that hypnotized persons will do absolutely anything they are asked.
Most subjects, for instance, will not respond to any suggestions they would consider
immoral or illegal if they were awake.

12. If the sensory nerves were evenly distributed over the whole body, each square
inch of skin would have about 50 heat receptors, 8 for cold, 100 for touch and 800
for pain.

13. Large quantities of caffeine are deadly: tea or coffee could kill you, if you managed
to drink between 50 and 100 cups in one go.

14. A person would bleed to death from even a small cut if blood did not clot.

Упражнение 53

А. Проанализируйте структуру предложений и опре­делите форму глагола-сказуемого. Условие в дан­ных предложениях выражено не придаточным пред­ложением, а оборотом с предлогом without. Ука­жите, какому типу условия соответствует форма глагола-сказуемого.

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. Without anesthesia, doctors could not perform most of the surgical operations.

2. Many discoveries and advances would not have been made without microscope.

3. Without protective antibodies, we could die of the first disease that struck us.

4. Without cholesterol we would surely die — every cell in the body depends on
the waxy substance to provide strength and resilience to its outer membrane.

5. Without oxygen the food that all living things take in would be useless to them
and they would die.

6. Without the protection provided by the body's natural defences, we might bleed
to death from even minor cuts.

7. Without plants, the atmosphere would soon fill up with carbon dioxide, and
human beings and the other animals would suffocate.

8. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in the cell. Without enzymes, these reactions
would occur very slowly, and the cell could not function normally.

9. The human body contains more than 1,000 types of enzymes. Each kind of enzyme
performs one specific job. Without enzymes, a person could not breathe, see,
digest food, nor move any part of his body.

10. The brain requires a constant, unvarying supply of blood. Without the presence of a special control system consisting of the action of two nerves, one located in the aorta and the other in the carotid artery, this would be impossible to maintain, since every time a person moved or shifted position the quantity of blood flowing to the brain would change.

Упражнение 54

А. Проанализируйте сложно-подчинённые предложе­ния с придаточными условия. Используя таблицу на стр. 79, определите форму глагола-сказуемого в главном и придаточном предложениях и укажи­те, какое условие (реальное или нереальное) опи­сано в предложениях.

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. Galen's mistakes in describing human anatomy would not have mattered if they
had not been enshrined for the next twelve centuries and more.

2. Galen's work would have been lost if it had not nurtured by Moslem scholars.
Galen's experiments and his priceless accounts of earlier doctors returned to
Western Europe at the end of the Middle Ages in Latin translations from the
Arabic.

3. The tragedy of Galen ['geilsn] (A.D. 130 — 200) was that he needed a successor,
and there was none. If someone more self-critical had been there to continue
Galen's experiments, scientific medicine might have begun in earnest in the 2nd
instead of the 16th century.

4. People who were cured by crude medical practices in the past would probably
have recovered more comfortably if they had not been treated at all.

5. If the people of the world hadn't been so careless of their environment in the
past, there would still be many large areas of rainforest left today, and so much of
the planet's resources wouldn't have disappeared.

6. Had ecological principles, which stress the delicate balance of nature, won general
acceptance earlier, many present-day environmental problems might have been
avoided.

7. Bernard ['ba:ngrd] (1813 — 1878) was the greatest of all physiologists. He discovered
several functions of the liver; the digestive action of the pancreas; the control of
blood vessels by nerves; the carriage of oxygen by red blood cells and the abolition
of this function by carbon monoxide; the nature of curare poisoning and its
implications as regard the control of muscles by nerves; new facts about the brain
and the spinal cord and the behaviour of secreting glands and of the kidneys. If
Nobel Prozes had existed, Bernard could hardly have won fewer than four.

9.8 Придаточные соотносительные предложения

(конструкция the... the)

Упражнение 55

А. Опираясь на схему, приведённую ниже, проанали­зируйте структуру сложно-подчинённых предложе­ний с придаточными соотносительными и найдите ядро в главном и придаточном предложениях.

Нередко сказуемые в таких предложениях отсут­ствуют.

Пример: The higher the blood pressure, the greater the risk of strokes.

Сложно-подчинённое предложение

Придаточное предложение Главное предложение

The...-er n v the...-er N V

прилагательное прилагательное

или наречие или наречие

в сравнительной в сравнительной

степени, степени

Б. На русский язык такие предложения переводятся с помощью сравнительной конструкции "чем..., тем

Например:

The earlier the diagnosis is made,

the more successful the results of treatment are.

Чем раньше поставлен диагноз, тем успешнее результаты лечения.

В. Переведите предложения.

1. The more we learn about the relationships between physiologic change and diet,
the more we are provided with opportunities to use dietary means to slow some
of these degenerative processes.

2. In general, the more times the heart beats per minute, the more blood it can
pump, but there are important limitations to this effect.

3. Just like other muscles, the more exercise the heart gets, the stronger it becomes.

4. The higher the blood pressure, the greater the risk of strokes, coronary artery
disease, renal failure and left ventricular failure.

5. The longer you are exposed to the noise and the louder it is, the greater the
hearing loss is likely to be.

6. The larger a meal (especially in terms of protein), the more stomach acid is
secreted.

7. The heart pumps in proportion to the amount of blood that enters: the less blood
that enters, the less the heart can pump.

8. The rate of heartbeat depends in part on the size of the organism. The smaller the
size, in general, the faster the heartbeat.

9. If the condition is cancer, then the sooner it is operated on, the better the results.

10. The more cholesterol in your blood, the more likely your arteries will become
clogged over time.

11. The more rapid the destruction of red blood cells, the greater the amount of
bilirubin in the body fluids.

12. The greater the concentration of dissolved molecules in the solution, the greater
is its osmotic pressure.

9.9 Виды придаточных предложений

Упражнение 56

(обзорное)

А. Проанализируйте структуру сложно-подчинённых предложений и укажите количество ядер. Опреде­лите вид придаточного предложения и способ его присоединения к главному.

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. Oxygen is essential for human life because most of the chemical activities which
take place in the cells can only occur in its presence.

2. Since the blood performs many services for all parts of the body, it will reflect
disturbances that occur as the result of many widely divergent diseases.

3. Epiglottis is the cartilage at the root of the tongue which moves to block the
windpipe when food is swallowed, so that the food does not go down the trachea.

4. Although enzymatic action begins in the mouth, the major processes of digestion
do not occur until the food passes down through the oesophagus into the stomach.

5. The heart develops electric charges as it beats because, like all muscles, it is
electrically negative in its contracting portion and electrically positive in its relaxed
portion.

6. The pulse becomes less and less intense as it passes through the small arteries
until it becomes almost absent in the capillaries.

7. Once oxygen has diffused from the alveoli into the pulmonary blood, it is transpor­
ted to the tissue capillaries where it is released for use by the cells.

8. As vitamins are concerned with metabolism, it follows that absence or deficiency
of certain vitamins can result in malnutrition and specific deficiency diseases.

9. Hydrochloric acid is a natural element in the stomach, and excess levels of it, together with the enzyme pepsin, quickly produce ulceration unless the stomach wall is protected.

10. Little is known about the physiological activity of vitamin E, but animal experi­
ments suggest that it is concerned with the reproductive cycle and fertility.

11. Many studies indicate that excessive cholesterol levels in the blood can clog
arteries and predispose to heart attacks and strokes, but whether the level of
cholesterol can be controlled by avoiding saturated fats in the diet is still in
dispute.

12. The brain is protected from harmful substances in the bloodstream by a barrier
that keeps some of the substances out of the brain entirely and delays the entry
of others for hours or even days after they have penetrated the rest of the body.

13. The problem of drug resistance in chemotherapy is particularly serious because
tumors can develop a resistance to multiple drugs after only one drug has been
administered to the patient.

14. The veins frequently anastomose with each other so that the blood flow can alter
direction if there is any constriction or pressure from movement of muscles or
ligaments.

15. Provided that there is no infection, or that infection is overcome, abdominal
injures and operations heal remarkably well.

16. Advanced kidney disease causes anaemia, perhaps because the hormone
erythropoetin, which promotes red-cell formation, is secreted by the kidneys, and
diseased kidneys fail to secrete it.

17. Since a muscle can shorten to only 57 per cent of its resting length, the longer
the muscle fibers composing the muscle the greater its range of movement.

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