Л. І. Мацько, О. М. Мацько 5 страница

18. If the disease manifests itself late in life, patients may not know they have diabetes
until it is discovered during a routine examination, or when the symptoms of
chronic vascular disease, insidious renal failure, or impaired vision cause them to
seek medical help.

19. Although the right and left sides of the heart serve two separate branches of the
circulation, each with its distinct function, they are coordinated so that the heart
efficiently serves both sides with a single pumping action.

20. Preventive care is extremely important, especially when rheumatic fever has once
occured, since it tends to return unless precautionary steps are taken.

21. How a person responds to drug is determined, in part, by tiny variations in the
DNA. By analizing a patient's genetic profile, doctors may be able to determine
in advance whether a drug will cause dangerous side effects.

22. While there is no doubt that the thymus plays a major role in the complex
immunologic systems of humans, the precise mechanisms by which this takes
place and the ways in which these mechanisms can be manipulated to the benefit
of humans have yet to be determined.

Упражнение 57

А. Объедините отдельные предложения в текст, ис­пользуя различные виды связи, такие как союзы, соединительные слова, например: because, therefore, although, so и др.

Б. Переведите составленный Вами текст.

The brain like other essential organs, depend on a steady oxygen supply.

A steady oxygen supply ensures the brain's continuous function.

The brain's main nutritional substance is glucose.

The brain is very sensitive to changes in the blood glucose level.

If a diabetic receives an overdose of insulin there is a fall in the blood sugar.

If there is a fall in the blood sugar the brain's activity is disturbed.

There is loss of consciousness.

It is important to understand the functions of the different parts of the brain.

It is important in many fields of human activity.

Recent studies of the brain have shown that it divides into two hemispheres.

There are other parts of the brain involved in its overall function.

The right and left hemispheres are most important.

Тексты

для тренировочного и контрольного перевода

(к части 3)

1. Scientists do not understand why dreaming is important, but they think the brain
is either cataloging the information it picked up during the day and throwing out
data it does not want, or is creating scenarios to work through situations causing
emotional stress. Regardless of the reasons, most people who are deprived of
sleep or dreams become disoriented, unable to concentrate, and may even have
hallucinations.

2. Dr. Marian Annet thinks that a long time ago people used both hands equally;
what changed things was that human beings learned to speak. Speech became
connected to the left hemisphere of the brain, and as speech became more
important, so the left hemisphere became more and more powerful. As the left
hemisphere became more important, so the right-hand side of the body was used
more; right-handedness became more common, and the functions of the right
hemisphere became weaker.

3. Our bodies need calcium for controlling muscle contraction and blood clotting as well as bone formation. But 99% of it is stored in bone, leaving only a tiny bit to circulate in the blood and carry out its other tasks. If the blood calcium level falls too much, the body starts to rob the mineral from the bones. Once that process begins, the loss of bone density can be dramatic and it can happen at any age. Women who go on unbalanced or starvation diets are particularly vulnerable. The best way to take calcium is in food because, when combined with other nutrients, it is much easier to absorb.

4. Why does blood remain in a fluid state when in the vascular system and why
does clot within a few minutes when it is shed? It is obvious that the clotting in
the blood vessels would produce serious symptoms which might be fatal in some
instances, for arteries and veins would be obstructed, thereby preventing the
proper flow of blood to the various tissues of the body. On the other hand, if the
blood did not clot promptly, as in persons with hemophilia, death might result
from an extensive hemorrhage.

5. When blood passes through the capillaries, it loses some of its plasma, which
becomes part of a liquid that is between the cells. This liquid is known as lymph.
Lymph needs to be returned to the circulatory system to keep the blood volume
fairly constant, so a system of tubes called the lymphatic system drains the lymph
back into the blood. Along the way, lymph passes through lymph nodes that
filter out any debris, including bacteria, from the lymph. Lymph nodes are made
from lymphoid tissue, but they are not the only organs where lymphoid tissue is
found; it is found everywhere that bacteria or other germs can easily invade the
body, specifically in the linings of the parts of the body that are exposed to the
outside.

6. About the year 1900 Dr. Mackenzie in England observed that the prevailing
system of diagnosis of heart disease failed too often to give an accurate estimate
as to the future life of the patient. From his studies there developed a new
attitude towardthe study of the heart. The interest in heart disease was broadened

to include not only organic changes but also the functional conditions of the valves and the heart muscle. Dr. Mackenzie first demonstrated that certain irregularities such as respiratory arrhythmia and extrasystoles, are of practically no significance while others such as auricular fibrillation and paroxysmal tachycardia, may be much more serious. So we now speak of both structural or organic pathology and of functional pathology. Both are important. More recently doctors came to realize that a third factor is equally important, namely the etiology or the thing which caused the heart trouble.

7. In the 19th century physicians usually had to wait until an autopsy had been
performed on a patient before they could determine whether or not their diagnosis
had been correct. In the past, diagnosis has been static and qualitative. The
present trend is towards dynamic and quantitative diagnosis: how far has the
trouble advanced, and what progress is it likely to make? The current emphasis
on early recognition of diseases that cause few symptoms until they reach a
dangerous stage is bringing various "special" investigations into routine practice.
But as a rule patients are subjected to X-rays, blood tests and the rest only when
the possible diagnoses have been reduced to two or three suspects, or when a
provisional diagnosis needs elaboration.

8. It has long been believed that the cyclic changes observed in plants and animals
were totally in response to environmental changes and, as such, were exogenous
or of external origin. This hypothesis is now being rejected by some
chronobiologists who hold that the biological rhythms are intrinsic to the organisms
and that the organisms possess their own physiological mechanism for keeping
time. The mechanism has been called the "biological clock". An example of
adjustment of the biological clock in humans is recovery from "jet lag". This
phenomenon occurs when humans are transported by jet plane across time zones.
It is characterized by fatigue and lowered efficiency, which persist until the
"biological clock" adjusts to the new environmental cycle.

ЧАСТЬ 4 Особенности перевода

некоторых слов и конструкций (Problem words and phrases)

РАЗДЕЛ 10 Формальная и усилительная

функции местоимения it

Упражнение 58

A. Местоимение it может выполнять функцию фор­
мального подлежащего со сказуемым в страдатель­
ном залоге: it is + V,

Проанализируйте сложно-подчинённые предложе­ния и найдите ядро в главном предложении с фор­мальным подлежащим it и ядро придаточного пред­ложения.

Б. На русский язык формальное подлежащее it не переводится, а вся конструкция передаётся безличным предложением. Например: It is known that... Известно, что...

B. Переведите предложения.

1. It is estimated that erythrocytes are the most numerous cellular elements.

2. It is postulated by a number of authorities that viruses may be only one of several
fundamental causes of diabetes and in fact may be a minor cause.

3. It is thought that many birth defects result from extremely complex interactions
of genes and environment.

4. It was found that different parts of the heart beat at different rates.

5. In addition to hemoglobin, it has been found that there are at least two other
alternative oxygen carries — hemerythin and hemocyanin.

6. It has been estimated that there are between one and two million islets in the
pancreas.

7. It has long been known that smooth muscle is more susceptible to chemical
excitation than is skeletal muscle.

8. For many years it has been recognized that cells need calcium to function because
their growth and development is related with changes in their intracellular calcium
content.

9. It can be realized that formation of bile is controlled by certain hormone.

10. It must be realized that reflexes may occur at different levels of the central
nervous system.

11. It should be realized that even when the muscle is at rest it remains slightly
contracted.

12. It should be pointed out that heredity and evolution are important in the
development of the structure of an organ.

13. It must be kept in mind that oxygen is considered a drug and should be prescribed
and administered as such.

14. It is now recognised that practically every chemical reaction that occurs within
the body reguires its specific enzyme to catalyse it.

15. It is believed that hypothalamus has a regulatory function for both the sympa­
thetic and parasympathetic divisions of the nervous system.

16. In the early 1940s, it was suspected that ribonucleic acid (RNA) was involved in
protein synthesis because it had been found that cells producing large amounts
of protein contained large amounts of RNA and vice versa.

Упражнение 59

A. Местоимение it носит формальный характер в кон­
струкции: it is + существительное + that/which/who
(которая может придавать усилительный оттенок
любому члену предложения, кроме сказуемого).

Найдите в предложениях усилительную конструк­цию с формальным // и определите, какой член предложения подчёркивается ею.

Б. На русский язык усилительный оттенок чаще всего передаётся словами именно, только, подчёркивая значение существительного, причём формальное it и союз не переводятся.

Например: It is the formed elements which give blood its viscosity. Именно форменные элементы придают вязкость крови.

It is in the capillaries that exchange of gases takes place. Именно в капиллярах происходит обмен газов.

B. Переведите предложения.

1. It is the red marrow that makes the red cells of blood.

2. It is the S-A node (sinoatrial) that is the pacemaker of human heart.

3. It is DNA in the nucleus that stores the vital information.

4. It is the extracellular fluid that supplies the cells with nutrients and other substances
needed for cellular function.

5. It is only in certain organs such as the liver and the lungs that every cell is in
direct contact with a capillary.

6. It is largely in the liver that toxic substances which might damage the cells are
rendered harmless.

7. It is mainly the neutrophils and the monocytes that attack and destroy invading
bacteria, viruses and other injurious agents.

8. It is in the gallbladder that stones form, because it is here that the bile is
concentrated and cholesterol is precipitated.

9. Bile salts inhibit the growth of some microorganisms in the upper part of the
intestine. It is only in the large intestine that bacteria multiply freely.

10. Capillaries are functionally the most important part of the circulatory system
because it is through their walls that all the oxygen, nutrients, and waste products
pass between the blood and the body cells.

11. Before the 16th century individual doctors had frequently doubted Galen's authority
on specific points, but it was only after the invention of printing that such doubts
could become widely known.

12. It was Pasteur [pcr.s'ta:] (1822 — 1895) who, by a brilliant series of experiments,
proved that the fermentation of wine and the souring of milk are caused by living
microorganisms.

Упражнение

60

A. Местоимение it носит формальный характер в уси­
лительной конструкции:

It was not until + дата/событие + that...

Найдите в предложениях усилительную конструк­цию и определите, какая дата или событие под­чёркивается ею.

Б. На русский язык эта усилительная конструкция обычно передаётся словом только, а местоимение it и союз that не переводятся.

Например: It was not until the 1960's that

relationships among nutrition, immunity and health were established. Только в шестидесятых годах (XX века) была установлена взаимосвязь между питанием, иммунитетом и здоровьем человека.

B. Переведите предложения.

1. It was not until the Renaissance that Europeans began to seek a scientific basis
for medical knowledge.

2. It was not until the Middle ages that the details of circulation were discovered.

3. It was not until 1616 that W. Harvey ['ha:rvi:] announced his revolutionary disco­
very of the heart's function in circulation.

4. It was not until late in the Middle Ages that a belief that nerves were hollow and
acted by transmitting vital spirit was seriously challenged.

5. Hooke [huk] (1635— 1703)recognized the cellular structure of plants in 1665, but
it was not until 1839 that Schwann [Twain] (1810-1882) showed that the structure
of plants and animals were fundamentally the same.

6. It was not until the 20th century that aspirin was first synthetically duplicated.

7. It was not until 1893 that a Japanese scientist Kitasato ['kita:'sa:tD:] showed that
bubonic plague was a bacterial disease.

8. Bartholin [ba:'toulm] (1616 — 1680) found an association of diabetes with pancreatic
disease, but it was not until 1921 that hormone, insulin was isolated by Banting
['basntin] and Best [best].

9. It was not until 1939 that Cannon ['кэепэп], an eminent American physiologist,
introduced the term "homeostasis".

10. It was not until after the Second World War that cardiovascular surgery emerged
as a valuable method of treating heart disease.

11. Heart transplantation was first achieved in animals in 1959, but it was not until
1967 that Barnard ['ba:nad] carried out the first human transplant.

12. It was not until 1980 that WHO (World Health Organization) declared that smallpox
was eradicated, after the final recorded case in Somalia in 1977.

Упражнение

61

A. Местоимение it также носит формальный харак­
тер в конструкции:

it takes (сущ.)+период времени+(for сущ.) to do...,

а вся фраза указывает на период времени, требу­ющийся для выполнения какого-либо действия.

Найдите усилительную конструкцию в каждом пред­ложении и определите, для выполнения какого дей­ствия требуется указанный период времени.

Б. На русский язык формальное it не переводится, а смысл фразы с данной конструкцией передаётся с помощью слов требуется, необходимо затратить. Перевод нередко начинают с указания действия или процесса, в связи с которым упомянут соответству­ющий период времени.

Например: It usually takes about 6 weeks

for a broken bone to knit together. Для того, чтобы сломанная кость срослась, обычно требуется около шести недель.

B. Переведите предложения.

1. It takes cancer 15 to 30 years to develop from asbestos.

2. It takes from 30 to 40 hours for food to travel the length of the alimentary canal.

3. When food is swallowed it takes about 12 seconds for it to reach the stomach.

4. The amount of time it takes for blood to travel through the digestive system
varies, depending on how easy it is to digest.

5. Depending on body weight and other factors, it takes the average adult nearly
one hour for his or her liver to metabolize 8 grams of alcohol.

6. In spite of the comparatively small size of the insulin molecule, it took a long
time to unravel its tertiary (tridimensional) structure.

7. It takes longer for hormones to produce changes in body processes that it does
for nerve impulses, but the effects last longer.

8. It takes only nine hours for food to reach the large intestine, but it may take one
to three days to pass through that organ.

9. Although these neurological effects usually are reversible, especially if caught in
the early stages, it may take months for the nerve cells to recover and resume
normal function.

10. The first report of spinal cord stimulation was published 30 years age, but it has taken years for the pharmaceutical industry to refine the technigue to be suitable for clinical needs and for clinicians to appreciate its full potential in selected cases.

РАЗДЕЛ 11 Служебное слово as

Упражнение 62

А. Служебное слово as может иметь значения разных частей речи. В значении предлога или наречия as переводится на русский язык "как", "в качестве".

Б. Переведите предложения с предлогом as.

1. Lymph acts as a "middle-man" between the tissues of the body and the blood.

2. The spleen acts as filter against foreign organisms that infect the bloodstream.

3. The membrane of a red blood cell acts as an envelope.

4. The skin through its sensory innervation acts also as sense organ for the perception
of pressure, temperature and pain.

5. Enzymes are special proteins which act as biological catalysts in cells.

6. As a metabolic organ, the kidney is responsible for the constancy of acid-base
balance of the body.

7. As an exocrine organ, the pancreas has an important digestive function.

8. The cell is regarded as the smallest unit of living matter that can live independently
and reproduce itself.

9. Although a part of the immune system, skin is often viewed as simply a barrier
between the body and the outside world.

10. Blood is carried throughout the body in a closed system of tubes known collectively
as blood vessels.

11. Water is excreted in expired air, as a constituent of the faeces, through the skin
as sweat and as the main constituent of urine.

12. Increase in the white cells in infection is known as leucocytosis.

13. The larynx and trachea are subject to the same viral and bacterial infections as
the nose and pharynx.

14. Lung cancer has now surpassed breast cancer as the primary cause of death.

15. All the structures and organs are held together by the connective tissue, made up
of cells that act as a kind of packing to protect and support the internal mechanisms.

16. Substances in the body are regarded as waste materials if they cannot be used by
cells and if their accumulation will upset the fine balance which must be maintained
between chemical substances in the internal environment.

Упражнение 63

А. Служебное слово as, выступая в роли союза, вво­дит придаточные предложения обстоятельства вре­мени и причины. В зависимости от содержания предложений as может переводится на русский язык:

а) "когда", "во время", "в процессе", "по мере того,

как";

б) "так как", "поскольку".

Б. Переведите предложения с союзом as.

1. Fibrin is a substance formed in the blood as it clots.

2. The lungs remove waste material (carbon dioxide) from the blood and expel it as
we breathe out.

3. Calcium is essential for normal functioning of all body cells as it is mediator for
many cell functions.

4. Bone cells replace cartilage as a person grows.

5. Measles can be a serious disease as it weakens the body resistance to other
diseases especially bronchitis and ear infection.

6. The epidermis is constantly being renewed as dead cells are shed from its surface.

7. Accumulation of subcutaneous fluid must be watched carefully as they can
contribute to infection and tissue necrosis.

8. Close scrutiny of the skin is an important aspect of any physical examinations as
skin condition can provide the examiner with valuable information concerning
general health.

9. As the aorta reaches each organ, it branches to form arteries.

10. As the arteries get further from the heart, they branch into smaller and smaller
arteries.

11. As the filtered blood passes through the nephron glucose, amino acids, mineral
salts and most of the water are reabsorbed into the bloodstream.

12. As the blood travels from the arteries to the narrower vessels, its pressure falls as
the energy imparted to it by the heart contraction is gradually lost.

Упражнение64

А. Служебное слово as может входить в состав слож­ных союзов:

as long as - "пока"; "в то время, как"; "по мере" и as soon as - "как только".

Б. Переведите предложения с придаточными об­стоятельственными, которые вводятся этими союзами.

1. The body commences its work of digestion as soon as food enters the mouth.

2. As soon as the baby is born its lungs inflate.

3. Normal kidney function can continue only as long as the processes of filtration,
reabsorption and secretion function within relatively narrow limits.

4. Persons without spleens are vaccinated against pneumococcus and advised to
take antibiotics as soon as an infection begins to develop.

5. As soon as a blood vessel is cut, its lumen automatically constricts to reduce the
flow of blood.

6. Many cholesterol gallstones can be dissolved without surgery as long as the
gallbladder has retained its ability to concentrate bile.

7. The antigen-antibody reaction begins as soon as substances interpreted as foreign
invaders gain entrance into the body.

8. As long as the heart pumps the blood, the body gets the oxygen it needs.

9. Malignant hypertension is treated as a medical emergency as soon as it is diagnosed
because it can be fatal if not treated immediately.

10. As soon as Pasteur [pa:s'ta:] in France and Koch [ko:kh] in Germany had shown
how microbes cause disease bacteriologists began to study immunity.

11. According to the experts, there is nothing unhealthy about eating chocolate, as
long as it is part of a balanced diet.

12. As new viruses are produced, they are released from the cell to infect other cells.
The new viruses become lifeless as soon as they are released.

13. A number of studies have suggested that taking large amounts of vitamin С as
soon as you get a cold may shorten the time you are sick by day or so.

14. The adaptive mechanisms for maintaining normal volume and distribution of
fluids inside and outside the cells function only as long as there is adequate and
equal intake and output of water and electrolytes.

Упражнение 65

А. Служебное слово as входит в состав сложного союза as well as, который присоединяет однород­ные члены предложения (в значении "также", "так­же как и") и зависимый причастный оборот (в зна­чении "кроме", "помимо").

Б. Переведите предложения с союзом as well as.

1. Drugs produce harmful as well as beneficial effects, and decisions about when
and how to use them therapeutically always involve the balancing of benefits and
risks.

2. The amount of water lost by the lungs depends on the minute volume of respiration
as well as on the temperature and moisture of the atmospheric air.

3. Plasma transports nutrients, metabolic waste products and chemicals, as well as
hormones and drugs.

4. Most salts and minerals, as well as water, are readily absorbed from all portions
of the small intestine.

5. The lymph vessels from the lower limbs, as well as \hose from the abdominal
organs, unite to form the largest lymph vessel in the body, called the thoracic
duct.

6. The red bone marrow contains mainly the cells responsible for the formation of
leucocytes and erythrocytes as well as the giant cells of the bone marrow — me-
gakaryocytes — which are responsible for production of platelets.

7. Excesses of parathyroid hormone caused by tumour or other pathological processes
can lead to softening or weakening of bones, fractures and deformity, as well as
formation of calcium stones in the urinary tract.

8. The marrow present in some bones is responsible for the formation of red blood
cells as well as the formation of certain kinds of white blood cells.

9. Bile as well as being an aid to digestion provides a means for the excretion of
certain waste products.

10. As well as being a storehouse for food, fatty tissue provides an excellent packing
for delicate organs.

11. As well as proving an external secretion, the pancreas also forms an internal
secretion which is of the very greatest importance to carbohydrate metabolism of
the body.

12. As well as their diagnostic uses, X-rays can also be used in the treatment of
cancerous tissue.

13. Bone lesions commonly occur in the vertebral column, ribs and pelvis, as well as
in the long bones of the arms and legs.

14. A simple cystitis that does not involve the rest of the urinary tract is not as
serious as the descending type in which the kidneys and ureters as well as the
bladder are involved.

Упражнение 66

А. Сравнительная конструкция

as + прилагательное/наречие + as

на русский язык передаётся следующими эквива­лентами:

"столь же", "такой же", "сопоставимый по размеру с...".

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. Bones are as strong as steel but much lighter and more flexible.

2. Scapula, or shoulder-blade, is a flat bone, about as large as the flat hand and
fingers.

3. From head to toe, the adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones, as large as the
thighbone, and as small as the bones of the ear.

4. Older people do not learn new things as quickly as younger people, but once
something has been learned, they remember it better and more accurately.

5. The brain contains as many nerve cells as there are stars in the universe.

6. Mitosis is a continuous process, which may take as little as 5 minutes or as long
as several hours from start to finish.

7. A person with severe renal disease may lose as much as 20 to 30 g of plasma
proteins in the urine in one day.

8. Places where medical operations are carried out should be kept as germ-free as
possible.

9. If the heart fails to pump as well as it should, the body retains fluid.

10. China is still the only country in the world where the traditional doctor, using
herbal medicine and acupuncture, is as respected as the Western-trained doctor.

11. In order that the food may be retained as long as necessary in the stomach, and
not regurgitate into the oesophagus, or else be passed too quickly into the intestine,
it is provided with two sphincters.

Упражнение

67

А. Служебное слово as входит в состав сравнитель­ной конструкции

times as... as,

(числительное) (прилагательное)

которая имеет значение

"в (...) раз больше/чаще/дольше, чем..."

Например: ten times as many as

в десять раз больше, чем

Б. Переведите предложения со сравнительной кон­струкцией.

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