Л. І. Мацько, О. М. Мацько 3 страница

9. The major problem to be overcome in transplantation therapy is the immune
rejection phenomenon.

10. Another difficulty to be expected with these drugs is postural hypotension.

11. The selection of one or more antibiotics to be given as aerosol therapy is determined
by the patient's specific condition and the preference of the attending physician.

12. The amount of time and degree of temperature necessary for sterilization depend
on the articles to be sterilized.

13. Dangerous, powerful, or habit-forming medicines to be used under a physician's
supervision can be sold only by prescription.

14. At the beginning of the 20th century the first problem to be tackled was shock,
which was found to be due to a decrease in the effective volume of the circulation.

15. There are probably many useful medicinal plants still to be found. This one good
reason for the conservation of plants, particularly in tropical forests.

Упражнение 40

А. Используя фрагменты из трёх частей таблицы (I -подлежащее, II - сказуемое, III - инфинитивный оборот в функции определения), составьте пред­ложения о роли известных учёных в истории меди­цины.

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. Aristotle ['aeras,tэtl] was the first a) to lay foundation of microbiology.
(384-322 B.C.) b) to describe the signs of

2. Auenbrugger inflammation,
['aua'bruga] c) to discover X-rays.
(1722-1809) d) to discover blood circulation.

3. Harvey ['ha:vi:] e) to discover penicillin.

(1578 — 1657) f) to invent the scientific method.

4. Fleming ['flemin] g) to invent vaccination.
(1881-1955) h) to use antiseptics.

5. Freud [froid] i) to found the analytical school of
(1856-1939) psychiatry.

6. Celsus ['seises] j) to use percussion of the chest as a
(1st century A.D.) method of diagnosis.

7. Jenner ['djena]
(1749-1823)

8. Pasteur [pa:s'ta:]
(1822-1895)

9. Lister [lista]
(1827-1912)

10. Roentgen ['rentgan] (1845-1923)

7.6 Функции инфинитива

Упражнение 41

A. Проанализируйте структуру каждого предложения
и определите его ядро.

Б. Найдите инфинитив и определите его функцию в предложении.

B. Переведите предложения.

1. То avoid unpleasant reactions some vaccines have to be given in two or three
doses.

2. Gelatin is used to make capsules in which to put medicine.

3. Mechanisms to prevent bleeding are essential to maintain the closed blood
circulatory system.

4. The volume of blood to be pumped from a ventricle with each beat may vary
greatly.

5. To work out the cause of a given case of anaemia is often a difficult problem.

6. Many attempts have been made to dissolve gall stones by medical treatment to
avoid an operation.

7. Food is broken down by physical and chemical means into forms in which it can
pass through the walls of the alimentary canal into the blood to be transported
around the body.

8. The early Greeks were the first Western men to speculate on the origin of the
universe and of the earth and its inhabitants.

9. Insulin injections are regularly used to treat diabetes mellitus, but care has to be
taken not to exceed the dose as this will cause hyperinsulinism.

10. To guard against rapid depletion of the short-lived neutrophils, the bone
marrow holds a large number of them in reserve to be mobilized in response to
inflammation or infection.

11. The recognition of Rh factor and its importance in haemolytic anaemia of the
newborn was an important development, chiefly because to be forewarned is to
be forearmed.

12. The anesthesiologist selects the drugs to be used, decides how they are to be
administered and constantly monitors the patient condition during the operation.

13. Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency is nearly always due to failure to absorb the vitamin. To be
absorbed it has first to be combined with intrinsic factor, a protein formed in the
stomach.

14. Paracelsus [,paera'selsas] (1493 — 1591) seems to have been the first physician to
recognize a trade as the cause of a disease.

15. Lack of sufficient calcium causes the nervous system to become more and more
excitable, and the nerve fibers begin to fire spontaneously.

16. Although hundreds of chemicals have been reported to produce cancers in experi­
mental animals, only about two dozen have been verified as causes of cancer in
man.

17. In order to contract when it is stimulated, a muscle fibre must have an adequate
supply of blood to provide sufficient oxygen and nutritional materials and to
remove waste products.

18. Fluorine does not seem to be a necessary element for metabolism, but the presence
of a small quantity of fluorine in the body during the period of life when the teeth
are being formed subsequently protects against carious teeth.

Тексты для тренировочного перевода (к разделу 7)

1. The early physicians who used remedies taken from plants to treat their patients
were probably the first people to study plants with care and keep a record of their
observations. These physicians had to tell poisonous, medicinal, and useless plants
from each other in order to treat their patients.

2. Early records indicate that illness was generally thought to be caused by unseen
demons or evil spirits that entered the body where it was most vulnerable. Today,
in much the same fashion, disease is said to be caused by creatures invisible to
the naked eye that enter the body.

3. In ancient Greece surgeons were recognized as subordinate medical practitioners.
Physicians were believed to be men of learning, employing their intellect to
diagnose the causes of diseases. Surgeons by contrast used their hands, not their
heads, and the fact that their work involved the shedding of blood allowed them
to be linkened disdainfully to butchers.

4. To remove the disease germs and the undesired sediments water which comes
from lakes or rivers or even from some wells must be purified for human use.
Enough chlorine is put into the water to kill any disease germs present but not
enough to injure people or animals. Sometimes both filtration and chlorination
are used to assure a supply of pure water.

5. Strong emotions like anger cause physical changes to take place in the body.
The heart beats faster, the stomach tightens, and a person may perspire. If you do
not do something to deal with the emotions, the body does not relax. It stays in
this state of tension. Over a period of time fatigue can set in and physical illness
may even develop. It is unhealthy to keep feelings inside, for you put an additional
strain on your body.

6. Cigarette smoke has been shown to contain numerous compounds that are known
to cause cancer in experimental animals and that appear to be strongly linked to
human cancer. Cigarette smoke also has been shown to contain a number of
cocarcinogens, substances that appear to enhance the effect of carcinogens when
they are administered concomitantly. Smoking has been proven by scientific
research to be detrimental, or harmful, to health.

7. To survive, an organism must be capable of responding to changes in the environ­
ment. To respond quickly and appropriately, its parts must be in communication
with the outside world and with one another. This is true of small unicellular
organisms and of large multicellular ones. A large multicellular organism, with its
low ratio of surface area to volume, requires a special system to transmit information
inward and to effect coordinated responses to the information. The nervous system
fills this need.

8. A patient about to undergo surgery is instructed not to eat or drink anything for
several hours prior to the operation in order to make it easier for the surgeon to
operate and to avoid complications from the anesthetic. A patient is often given
an enema just before the operation to void the colon of waste material. Sometimes
a urinary catheter is used to drain the bladder. The area to be operated on is
shaved and scrubbed with soap, and an antiseptic is applied to avoid infection.

9. Efforts to understand the metabolic and dietary factors that lead to osteoporosis,
or loss of skeletal mass with aging, emphasize the importance of calcium
bioavailability. Calcium in food exists mainly as complexes with other factors
from which the calcium must be released to be absorbed. Plant constituents of
the diet, in particular, may reduce calcium bioavailability so that people who do
not use dairy products are less likely to obtain adequate amounts of calcium.

10. There are hundreds of different alternative therapies used by millions of people
worldwide to treat every ill imaginable. People are turning to alternative therapies
because virtually every drug has been shown to have some side effects and
many patients have become dissatisfied with the inability of conven­
tional treatments to cure certain conditions — particularly chronic diseases such
as arthritis. The common feature that seems to run through every one of the
alternative treatments is the importance placed on the whole person, not just on
specific symptoms — this is known as the holistic approach.

11. Each day, about 0.8 per cent of the body's red blood cells wears out and is
destroyed. If the body fails to replace these cells at the same rate, anaemia
results. It is considered to exist if hemoglobin levels are below 13 grams per 100
ml in males and below 12 grams per 100 ml in adult nonpregnant woman. If the
blood is examined under a microscope the red cells are seen to be paler and
smaller than normal. Anaemia is not a disease itself, but a condition caused by a
variety of diseases and disorders. In many cases the anaemia is found to be due
to a combination of two or more causes.

12. Lavoisier was a brilliant chemist and the first to show the significance of the
respiratory process in relation to food. He made the first quantitative measurements
of the metabolism of man and his studies were the first to show that respira­
tion was a process of the slow combustion of carbon and hydrogen within the
body — oxygen being consumed to support the combustion and carbon dioxide
being produced as a result. It took over a hundred years with further advances in
the sciences of chemistry, physics, and physiology before nutrition as such was
recognized as a new science.

Тексты для контрольного перевода (к разделу 7)

1. The movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher concentration to a
region of lower concentration is called diffusion. Molecules that are moving from
a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration are said to be
moving along a diffusion gradient, while molecules going in the opposite direction
are said to be going against a diffusion gradient. When the molecules, through
their random movement in all directions, have become distributed throughout
the space available, they are considered to be in a state of equilibrium. The rate
of diffusion depends on several factors, including temperature and the density of
the medium through which it is taking place.

2. A muscular fibre may be said to consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in
a tubular sheath, named sarcolemma. Upon examination of a voluntary muscular
fibre by transmitted light, it is found to be apparently marked by alternate light
and dark bands, which are nearly of equal breadth. If the surface is carefully
focussed, rows of granules will be detected at the point of junction of the dark
and light bands. By treating the specimen with certain reagents fine lines may be
seen running transversely between the granules uniting them together. This
appearance is believed to be due to a reticulum or network of interstitial substance
lying between the contractile portions of the muscle.

3. Emphysema is a condition in which the lining of the air sacs in the lung loses its
elasticity and is unable to expand, which means that the lungs cannot provide
enough oxygen to the body. The person most likely to develop emphysema is a
man older than 45 who is a heavy smoker, but this gender difference is likely to
disappear as more women continue to smoke for longer periods of time. In
experiments with laboratory animals, ozone and nitrous oxide — chemicals that
occur in the grey-blue exhaust from motor vehicles and are present in polluted
air — have been shown to cause changes in lung tissue similar to those seen in
people with emphysema. Not surprisingly, emphysema is more common in large
cities and highly industrialized areas.

4. When scientists first examined the human brain, they found it to be divided into
two halves, or hemispheres, which are nearly identical in appearance, mirroring
each other just as the two sides of the body do. It was found that the two sides of
the brain have different functions. Many investigators have studied the differences
between the functions of the two hemispheres and found their relationship to be
quite complex. The left brain is supposed to be logical, rational, analytical, whereas
the right brain is supposed to be creative and emotional. Interestingly, the fibres
which join the two halves of the brain have been found to be larger in women
than in men. Nerve cells in the brain use electrical signals, but in addition they
communicate chemically with neurotransmitters. No one knows how many
neurotransmitters there are, but extensive efforts to identify the chemicals and
map the neurons producing them are currently under way. The first agents to be
identified as neurotransmitters were all small molecules, single amino acids or
their derivations or such simple compounds as acetylcholine.

ЧАСТЬ 3 Синтаксис (Syntax)

ВИДЫ СЛОЖНЫХ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЙ

РАЗДЕЛ 8 Сложно-сочинённые предложения

Упражнение 42

А. Проанализируйте предложения, укажите в них ко­личество ядер и способ соединения простых пред­ложений в сложно-сочинённые (сочинительный союз или бессоюзно).

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. The matrix of elastic cartilage contains a dense network of fine elastic fibers; this
makes it more flexible than the hyaline type.

2. After absorption, glucose can be used immediately by the cells for energy or it
may be stored in the liver as glycogen.

3. Some skin wounds, such as burns, involve large areas of the body surface, and
the normal self-healing properties of the skin are unable to repair such extensive
damage.

4. Normally, the volume, pressure, and composition of the cerebrospinal fluid remain
constant, but in many diseases of the nervous system some of these factors are
altered.

5. The organ of hearing is the spiral organ of Corti, and it is contained within the
cochlea.

6. Mast cells are present in large numbers throughout the connective tissue in the
body, and they secrete heparin into the body fluids.

7. All body cells must be constantly supplied with oxygen and nutrients, and the
circulatory system is responsible for performing this task.

8. The heart is supplied by the autonomic nervous system, but these nerves serve to
alter the heart rate and are not responsible for the heartbeat itself.

9. Stimulation of the expiratory center causes inhibition of the inspiratory center
and passive expiration occurs.

10. In general, starches and sugars must be broken down to simple compounds
called monosaccharides; proteins must be broken down to their simplest elements,
amino acids; and fats must be broken down to fatty acids and glycerol.

11. Chronic nephritis may follow a case of acute nephritis immediately or it may
develop after a long interval.

12. Most of the body's metabolic processes produce acids as their end products, but
a somewhat alkaline body fluid is required as a medium for vital cellular activities.

РАЗДЕЛ 9 Сложно-подчинённые предложения
9.1 Придаточные предложения подлежащие

Упражнение 43

А. Проанализируйте структуру сложно-подчинённых предложений с придаточными подлежащими. Опи­раясь на схему, приведённую ниже, найдите ядро в главном и придаточном предложениях, Сказуе­мое в главном предложении согласуется с подле­жащим, выраженным придаточным предложением. Иногда подлежащим придаточного предложения может являться союзное слово.

Сложно-подчинённое предложение

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. What causes the cells to stick together is the puzzle in the theory of thrombosis.

2. What cannot be absorbed into the blood is passed out through the large intestine
as feces.

3. How cancer develops is no longer a mystery. Investigators have made astonishing
progress in identifying the deepest bases of the process — those at the molecular
level.

4. Exactly how pain is perceived is still a puzzle.

5. How long animals sleep is very variable.

6. Despite the extensive research that has been carried out into diabetes, exactly
why the body fails to produce enough insulin remains a mystery.

7. To what extent continuous treatment with anticoagulant prevents further attacks
in people who have recovered from a thrombosis is still in doubt.

8. That the human nose projects does not mean that it is important but that the
upper jaw has receded in the course of evolution.

9. That the parathyroid glands are endocrine organs has been shown by the work of
Hanson and Collip, who have isolated the parathyroid hormone from the gland.

10. Whether hepatitis С is sexually transmitted is controversial.

11. That increase of normal skin activity may follow on exposure to suitable
temperatures is shown by the redness and sweating experienced on a summer
day.

9.2 Придаточные предложения сказуемые

Упражнение 44

А. Проанализируйте структуру сложно-подчинённых предложений с придаточными сказуемыми. Опи­раясь на схему, приведённую ниже, найдите ядро в главном и придаточном предложениях: сказуе­мое главного предложения состоит из глагола-связ­ки to be и придаточного предложения.

Сложно-подчинённое предложение

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. The most plausible explanation of this phenomenon is that there is continuous
very high activity in the brain.

2. The strengths of the book are that it is well written, very readable, and with clear
tables and pictures.

3. The trouble with many of the drugs used to fight viruses and cancer is that they
are extremely toxic and so can damage healthy tissue.

4. The reason for wide contact of cancer research with fundamental science is that
cancer and its related conditions are actually results of the process of growth of
living tissues.

5. The real value of the white blood cells is that most of them are transported to
areas of serious inflammation, thereby providing a rapid and potent defence
against any infectious agent.

6. The chief factor in the stability of the foot is how well the bones involved fit into
each other.

7. The main problem with transplants is that the body of the patient who receives
the organ tries to reject it.

8. The really puzzling question in immunology is how the immune system can
distinguish "self" from "non-self".

9.3 Придаточные дополнительные предложения

Упражнение 45

А. Проанализируйте структуру сложно-подчинённых предложений с придаточными дополнительными. Опираясь на схему, приведённую ниже, найдите ядро в главном и придаточном предложениях.

Сложно-подчинённое предложение

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. Many experts agree that sleeping pills do not help and may add dependence and
addiction to the problems of insomnia.

2. Doctors say that women are far more likely than man to experience sleep dis­
turbances of all kinds.

3. Experts can't decide if caffeine is truly addictive or not.

4. Many studies indicate that excessive cholesterol levels in the blood can clog
arteries and predispose to heart attacks and strokes.

5. Bright [brait] (1789— 1858), a distinguished English physician, demonstrated that
the presence of albumin in the urine indicated kidney disease.

6. In 1885, Pasteur [pa:s'te:] announced to the French Academy of Sciences that he
had developed a vaccine for prevention of rabies.

7. The consistency of food in the mouth determines whether the glands secrete a
copious watery saliva for dry material or a scanty saliva for moist food.

8. Evidence shows that the activities of the various tissues of the body are controlled
not merely by the action of the nervous system but also by certain chemical
substances elaborated by endocrine glands.

9. Medical research has shown that a diet low in saturated fats and high in fibre
contributes to good health and can reduce the risk of certain serious illnesses,
such as cardiovascular disease.

10. The pumping action of the heart refers to how hard the heart pumps the blood,
how much blood it pumps, how efficiently it does the job.

11. Allergic symptoms depend entirely on where in the body the immune system is
provoked.

12. Since the discovery of the structure of DNA (1953) work on nucleic acids has
explained how genes determine all life processes by directing the synthesis of all
cell proteins.

13. Oncologists recognize that environmental, hereditary, and biological factors play
an important role in the development of cancer.

14. Darwin's theory describes how different species of animals and plants have changed
over hundreds of thousands of years.

15. The pumping action of the heart refers to how hard the heart pumps the blood,
how much blood it pumps, how efficiently it does the job.

9.4 Придаточные определительные предложения

Упражнение 46

А. Проанализируйте структуру сложно-подчинённых предложений с придаточными определительными. Опираясь на схему, приведённую ниже, найдите ядро в главном и придаточном предложениях и укажите определяемое слово, к которому относит­ся придаточное предложение (определяемое сло­во в главном предложении может употребляться в функции: подлежащего, именной части сказуемо­го, дополнения, обстоятельства).

Сложно-подчинённое предложение

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. Bones form the framework upon which the rest of the body is built up.

2. A lung is one of a pair of organs in the chest of vertebrate animals by which they
breathe.

3. Erythrocytes have a life span of 3-4 weeks after which they are broken down in
the spleen and bone marrow.

4. The velocity at which the blood flows varies in different parts of its course.

5. Alimentary canal is the passage along which the food passes, in which it is
digested, and from which it is absorbed by lymphatics and blood vessels into the
circulation.

6. Many cases of severe acidosis can be prevented by careful monitoring of patients
whose primary illness predisposes them to respiratory problems or metabolic
derangements.

7. The central nervous system is the means by which our various bodily activities
are co-ordinated and by which we respond to changes in our environment.

8. Vegetarian diet is one in which no meat is eaten.

9. The vertebrae support the body and provide the protective bony corridor through
which the spinal cord passes.

10. The rate at which many glands produce hormones is influenced by other hormones
especially those secreted by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus.

11. The most interesting features of Japanese medicine are the extent to which it was
derivative and the rapidity with which it became westernized and scientific.

12. Jaundice may be caused by the production of bile pigment in excess of the
amount which the liver can excrete, or may result from liver damage.

А. Проанализируйте структуру сложно-подчинённых предложений с придаточными определительными. Опираясь на схему, приведённую ниже, найдите ядро в главном и придаточном предложениях и ука­жите определяемое слово. Особенностью таких предложений является то, что союз, присоединяю­щий придаточное предложение к главному, явля­ется подлежащим придаточного предложения.

Сложно-подчинённое предложение

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. Any particle that enters the eye may carry germs that can produce an infection
leading to blindness.

2. Practically all of the numerous and complex biochemical reactions that take
piece in animals, plants, and microorganisms are regulated by enzyme.

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