Five Subatomic Particles in a Nutshell

Eye Contact

Here are some final tips for travellers

· In France you shouldn’t sit down in a cafe until you’ve shaken hands with everyone you know.

· In Afghanistan you should spend at least five minutes saying hello.

· In Pakistan you mustn’t wink. It is offensive.

· In the Middle East you must never use the left hand for greeting, eating, drinking, or smoking. Also, you should take care not to admire anything in your hosts’ home. They will feel that they have to give it to you.

· In Russia you must match your hosts drink for drink or they will think you are unfriendly.

· In Thailand you should clasp your hands together and lower your head and your eyes when you greet someone.

· In America you should eat your hamburger with both hands and as
quickly as possible. You shouldn’t try to have a conversation until it is eaten.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. How many nationalities are mentioned in the text? 2. People of what country keep to the most formal rules of behaviour? 3. When do Americans usually arrive to a business meeting? 4. What is the main topic of conversation between the British? 5. Japanese usually bow when they meet. Which bow is the lowest of the day? 6. What do the British show by rolling up their sleeves? 7. Do Japanese discuss business during the dinner?

G Запам’ятайте прислів’я!

12.2. Читання

Inmany Western societies, including the United States, a person who does not maintain ‘good eye contact’ is regarded as being slightly suspicious, or a ‘shifty’ character. Americans unconsciously consider people who avoid eye contact as unfriendly, insecure, untrustworthy, inattentive and impersonal. However, in contrast, Japanese children are taught at school to direct their gaze at the region of their teacher’s Adam’s apple or tie knot, and, as adults, Japanese lower their eyes when speaking to a superior, a gesture of respect.

Latin American cultures, as well as some African cultures, such as Nigeria, have longer looking time, but prolonged eye contact from an individual of lower status is considered disrespectful. In the US, it is considered rude to stare – regardless of who is looking at whom. In contrast, the polite Englishman is taught to pay strict attention to a speaker, to listen carefully, and to blink his eyes to let the speaker know he or she has been understood as well as heard. Americans signal interest and comprehension by bobbing their heads or grunting.

A widening of the eyes can also be interpreted differently, depending on circumstances and culture. Take, for instance, the case of an American and a Chinese discussing the terms of an offered contract. Regardless of the language in which the suggested contract is carried out, the US negotiator may interpret a Chinese person’s widened eyes as an expression of astonishment instead of as a danger signal (its true meaning) of politely expressed anger.

Прокоментуйте такі теми.

1. Observations about many people from the United States. 2. Observations about the English. 3. An observation about Japanese children. 4. The meaning of lowering one’s eyes in Japan.

12.3. Письмові завдання

Вправа 1. Запишіть ваші міркування з однієї з тем.

1. Do you agree with the saying “When in Rome, do as the Romans do”? Do you have a similar saying in your native language? 2. What are the “rules” about greeting people in your country? When do you shake hands? When do you kiss? What about saying goodbye? 3. Think of one or two examples of bad manners. For example, in Britain it is considered impolite to ask people how much they earn.

12.4. Граматика. Повторення часових форм дієслова

Вправа 2. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова у потрібній формі.

1. What you (to do) when I (to come) in? 2. When I (to come) to his house, they (to tell) me that he (to leave) an hour before. 3. On checking up his answers he (to find) out that he (to make) several mistakes. 4. When I (to leave) home, the snow already (to stop), but a strong wind (to blow). 5. You (to read) this book? – Yes, I (to read) it. I (to think) it (to be) very interesting. 6. What the children (to do) now? – Oh, they (to play) the new table game which I (to buy) for them the day before yesterday. 7. They (to reach) the corner of the street by now and (to stand) at the bus stop. 8. After we (to walk) about two hours, we arrived at a picturesque glade covered with fresh grass. 9. We could not go out because it (to rain) hard since early morning. 10. She (to teach) at our school for twenty years now. 11. I (to ring) you up tomorrow. 12. He (to begin) to write his composition at three o’clock. It is already eleven, and he still (to write) it. He says he (to finish) it by twelve. 13. We (to help) our librarian to put the books in the right order for already three days, but we (to arrange) only half the books. 14. How long you (to wait) for me? I am really very sorry. 15. When I (to come) home yesterday, my sister already (to return) and (to sit) at the fireplace looking through some old photographs. 16. When I (to come) to Pete’s house last Sunday, he (to read) a new magazine. 17. Yesterday by eight o’clock he (to finish) all his homework, and when I (to come) to his place at nine, he (to watch) TV. 18. Light (to travel) more quickly than sound. 19. Here you (to be) at last! I (to wait) for you for twenty minutes.

12.5. Домашнє завдання

Вправа 3. Поставте дієслова в дужках у потрібну форму.

1. Yesterday Tom (not / to wake up) very early. 2. We (know) our examination results the day after tomorrow. 3. Look! Somebody (to climb) up that tree over there. 4. I (to lose) my key! Can you help me to find it? 5. The Moon (to go) round the Earth. 6. Ann (to wait) for me when I (to arrive) 7. Jim (to play) tennis since 2 o’clock. 8. Before the train came we (to wait) for 2 hours. 9. By this time tomorrow you (to receive) the answer. 10. This supermarket (to work) 24 hours. 11. Jane (to cook) a cake for the dinner when we came. 12. They (to paint) the wall since the morning. 13. It (to rain) now. 14. He (to study) the whole day tomorrow. 15. She always (to read) at mealtime. 16. Before we came, the film (to finish). 17. There (to be) many people at the last party. 18. Please, don’t make noise. He (to write) an important document. 19. He never (to be) to London. 20. When we came Tom (to watch) TV. 21. Tomorrow I (to send) you the letter by E-mail. 22. What (to do) you tonight? 23. The whole evening yesterday they (to play) checkers. 24. What you (to do) here since the morning? 25. What he (to do) now? – He (to play) volleyball with his friends. 26. My father (to work) at this factory for 3 years. 27. You (to find) your notebook yet? 28. Every day I (to water) my flowers. 29. I (not to write) yet the letter. 30. I (to think) about it for 3 days already. 31. He (to leave) 5 minutes ago.

Вправа 4. Поставте запитання до виділених фрагментів речень.

1. He is going to Paris next week. 2. This supermarket works 24 hours. (general question) 3. Tom was cooking a cake for the dinner. 4. They have been painting the wall since the morning. 5. Einstein developed the theory of relativity. 6. When we arrived to Italy the weather was awful. 7. There were three red roses in the vase. 8. He went to his office in the morning. 9. He will arrive at the station at 6 p.m. 10. The scientists are studying the behaviour of elementary particles. 11. There were some problems when they were going through the customs. (general question)

Вправа 5. Знайдіть три англійських прислів’я, що характеризують національні традиції та звички.

Unit 3. Ukraine in European Educational Environment

Lesson 13. Ukraine

13.1. Розмовна тема. Україна

G Active Vocabulary:

government – уряд; anthem – гімн; to border on – межувати з; total area – загальна площа; mountain – гора; tributary – приток; moderate – помірний; fertile – родючий; black soil – чорнозем, agricultural – сільсько-господар-ський; to be rich in – бути багатим; equipment – устаткування; instrument – прилад; consumer goods – споживчі товари; legislative – законодавчий; executive – виконавчий; judicial – судовий; to be elected – бути обраним.

Ukraine is situated in the south-eastern part of Central Europe and has its own territory, government, national emblem, flag and anthem. It borders on Russia, Byelorussia, Moldova, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary and Poland on land and Russia, Georgia, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey on sea. The population of Ukraine is over 47 million. The total area of the country is 603,700 km² (45^th country in size). The capital of Ukraine is Kiev.

The territory of Ukraine is mostly a level, treeless plain, called “steppe”. There are the Crimean Mountains in the Crimean peninsula and the Carpathians in the west, but they are not very high. The territory of our country has an astonishing variety of landscapes. We have high mountains, vast steppes, end­less forests, beautiful rivers and lakes. The largest lake of Ukraine is Swytyaz, its total area is 24.2 square kilo­metres and the depth is 58.5 metres. Ukraine has 131 rivers, among them are the Dnieper with its tributaries such as the Desna, the Prypyat, the Dniester, the Bug, the Do­nets. The flora and fauna of our country are extremely rich. Almost all kinds of European animals and birds can be found on the territory of our vast land. Ukraine has inex­haustible natural wealth. It possesses enormous tracts of woodland, vast tracts of fertile arable lands and fine pas­tures.

The climate of the country is moderate. Winter is rather mild, with no severe frosts but with regular snowfalls everywhere except the south. The rivers and lakes freeze in winter. The average winter temperature varies from -20 Centigrade in the north to -5 in the south. Summer is quite hot and dry, with occasional showers and thunderstorms. The fertile black soil is well watered in spring and autumn and gets plenty of sunshine in summer.

The country is rich in natural resources, such as iron ore, coal, colour metals, oil, gas, mineral salts, clay and potential water power. It has developed a varied industry, concentrated mostly in and around such big cities as Kiev, Zaporozhye, Dnepropetrovsk, Dnyeprodzerzhinsk, Odessa, Kharkov, Lviv, Nickolayev and others. It produces planes and ships, lorries and busses, motorcars and locomotives, computer and electronic equipment, precision instruments and agricultural machines, TV and radio sets, chemicals and textiles and various consumer goods. Odessa, Sebastopol, Nickolayev, Kherson and Kerch are main Ukrainian ports.

Due to the favorable climatic conditions, Ukraine is traditionally an agricultural area. It grows wheat, maize, buckwheat and other corn, red and green vegetables, all kinds of fruit, melons and berries. Ukraine is one of the world’s main centers of sugar production. It produces sugar both for its own needs and for export.

Ukraine is a parliamentary-presidential democracy with separate legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The Declara­tion of Ukrainian Independence was proclaimed on August 24, 1991 by the Ukrainian Parliament. The President of Ukraine is elected by countrywide popular vote and is the head of the executive branch. The Prime Minister is appointed by the 450-seat parliament, the Verkhovna Rada. The parliament also approves the Cabinet of Ministers, offered by the Prime Minister and the President. The heads of all central agencies and regional and district administrations are appointed by the President.

Ukraine is subdivided into twenty-four oblasts (provinces) and one autonomous republic, the Crimea. Additionally, two cities, Kiev and Sebastopol, have a special legal status.

Ukraine has its own original culture and art. Ukraine has many professional theatres and Philharmonic societies. The National Symphony Orchestra of Ukraine, the Gryhory Veryovka Ukrainian People’s Choir, the Dance Com­pany of Ukraine are known not only in the country but all over the world.

Over the last years people of Ukraine display a keen interest in the Ukrainian history and artistic heritage. There is a new approach to the development of culture, arts and languages.

G Запам’ятайте зразки виразів для розповіді про країну.

U. is situated in ___; U. ___ is washed by ___; U. ___ borders on ___; the total area of U. is ___; the population of U. is ___; the capital of U. is ___; the main rivers are ___; the climate is mostly ___; U. is rich in ___; the main industrial centres are ___; U. produces ___; as an agricultural country U. grows ___; as for political system U. is a ___; the head of the state is ___; U. is subdivided into ___; U. is also famous for its ___.

Вправа 1. Доповніть речення словами: rivers; proclaimed in 1991; state power; various mineral resources; about 47 million; agriculture.

1. Ukraine has its own territory, higher and local bodies of ___. 2. The geographical position of Ukraine is favourable for ___. 3. The population of Ukraine is about ___. 4. The declaration of Ukrainian independence was ___. 5. The Dnieper, the Bug, the Danube are the major ___. 6. Ukraine is rich in ___.

13.2. Письмове завдання

Вправа 2. Заповніть таблицю відомостями про Україну

13.3. Читання

Прочитайте текст зі словником.

Ancient Greeks philosopher Leucippus and his pupil Democritus first spoke out the idea that all substances consisted of invisible “atomos,” or atoms, as we know them today. They believed these atomos could be divided into smaller and smaller particles until they reached a point that they could no longer be divided. Although they couldn’t see the particles, Leucippus and Democritus tapped into a fundamental truth about our existence: The universe is made up of atoms and these atoms are responsible for life on Earth.

After considerable research and experiments, we now know that atoms can be divided into subatomic particles – protons, neutrons and electrons. Held together by electromagnetic force, these are the building blocks of all matters. Advances in technology, namely particle accelerators, also known as atom smashers, have enabled scientists to break subatomic particles down to even smaller pieces, some in existence for mere seconds. Subatomic particles have two classifications – elementary and composite. Luckily for us, the names of categories can go a long way in helping us understand their structure. Elementary subatomic particles, like quarks, cannot be divided into simpler particles. Composite subatomic particles, like hadrons, can. All subatomic particles share a fundamental property: They have “intrinsic angular momentum”, or spin. It means they rotate in one direction, just like a planet. Oddly enough, this fundamental property is present even when the particle isn’t moving. It’s this spin that makes all the difference.

Виберіть правильний варіант.

1. Leucippus and Democritus who first suggested the idea of atoms were ___ philosophers.

a) Greek b) Roman c) German

2. The atom consists of three main subatomic particles: ___.

a) neutron, electron, quark b) hadron, neutrino, boson c) proton, neutron, electron

3. The fundamental property of all subatomic particles is the presence of ___.

a) spin b) speed c) spark

13.4. Граматика. Повторення часових форм дієслова: груп Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous

Вправа 3. Визначте часові форми дієслова в реченнях. Запишіть речення у питальній та заперечній формах. Перекладіть речення.

1. Mr. Black always draws on a drawing board. 2. These young men and women studied at an English technical college in 2002-2004. 3. I will be testing the device when you come. 4. Teachers sometimes hang tables and diagrams before a lecture. 5. The students will go to the institute by tram tomorrow. 6. You are waiting for your girl-friend now. 7. I will have been translating for 2 hours when she drops in tomorrow. 8. My daughter has been learning French for 5 years. 9. The scientist was making a very interesting experiment when we entered the lab. 10. She i s talking to a friend of mine at the moment. 11. Researchers of this laboratory have developed new equipment for TV communication via outer space. 12. The scientist had completed his research by the beginning of the conference. 13. They will have finished their translation of the texts before you return. 14. He had been writing a letter for an hour when I came. 15. My father has just returned from a business trip.

Вправа 4. Визначте часову групу. Запишіть речення у Past та Future.

1. The job gives her satisfaction. 2. Students are making an experiment in the laboratory. 3. We have already finished our experiments. 4. He has been working at this problem for two years.

13.5. Домашнє завдання

Вправа 5. Визначте часові форми дієслова в реченнях. Перекладіть речення.

1. They have already applied new methods in their research. 2. Our country has developed into a powerful state and has made great progress in all fields of industry, technology and science. 3. By the end of the 19th century scientists had made the first attempts to obtain synthetic materials. 4. The workers will have built this new house by the beginning of the next year. 5. Our shop is producing some new chemical apparatus. 6. The water in the tube is boiling. 7. The laboratory assistant was writing down all the data during our experiment. 8. They were mounting them from 5 to 7 o’clock. 9. They will be increasing it little by little.

Вправа 6. Перекладіть речення. Зверніть увагу на вживання різних часових форм.

– Чим ти займаєшся? – Перекладаю текст.

– Ти часто перекладаєш тексти? – Так.

– Як часто ти робиш переклади? – Я звичайно перекладаю один текст на день.

– Як давно ти робиш переклади з іноземної мови? – Я перекладаю тексти з того часу, як почав учити англійську.

– Ти сьогодні переклав які-небудь тексти? – Так, я сьогодні переклав один текст і завтра збираюсь перекласти ще один.

– Коли ти завтра будеш робити переклад? – Завтра я буду перекладати текст з другої до третьої години.

Вправа 7. Складіть листа з розповіддю про свою країну, використову-ючи активні слова та вирази (7 – 10 речень).

Lesson 14. Education in Ukraine

14.1. Розмовна тема. Освіта в Україні

G Active Vocabulary:

Pre-school education; compulsory education; fee-paying education; obligatory subjects; slant; optional courses; gymnasium; lyceum; extra-curricular activities; vocational training school; postgraduate education; applicant.

Present day independent Ukraine has a well-developed system of education which matches the standards of the developed countries. Pre-school education is not compulsory and is fee-paying. Most parents take their children to nursery schools or kindergartens at the age of 3. Up to the age of 5 children mostly eat, sleep and play there, but in senior groups they are taught the basics of arithmetic, reading, writing, and arts and foreign languages in some schools.

Compulsory secondary education begins at the age of 6–7 and is free in state schools and fee-paying in private ones. Some schools, especially those with language slant, have preparatory classes. Secondary education includes three stages: primary (1^st – 3^rd grades), basic (4^th – 9^th grades) and senior (10^th – 11^th grades). In regular secondary schools children start learning foreign languages from the 5^th grade and have fewer lessons of language a week than schools with profound learning of languages that start teaching languages from the 1^st grade. Recently new types of schools have appeared: gymnasiums and lyceums. In addition, there are schools with technical, computer, mathematical, law, pedagogical and art slant. All the subjects in the secondary schools are obligatory but there are optional courses that students of senior grades can take in addition to the required ones.

Extra-curricular activities usually include a variety of sports and drama clubs, interest groups and various school parties.

Those senior students, who want to get qualification alongside the secondary education, can go to vocational training school. Post-secondary education is provided by technical schools and colleges of 1^st and 2^nd Level of Accreditation that train young specialists in different trades.

Institutions of higher education (higher educational establishments) include universities, academies, institutes and conservatories. They all hold entrance examinations to select the best applicants to be their students. There are Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Kyiv Polytechnic University, Inter-national Independent University, Kharkiv National Pedagogical University, Kharkiv State Polytechnic University and many others among the best known higher educational establishments.

Postgraduate education begins after the last year of studies and usually results in theses on the chosen scientific theme and the degree of the Candidate of Sciences. Doctorate Degree is awarded for an outstanding scientific research.

Вправа 1. Доповніть речення інформацією з тексту.

1. There are some stages of education in Ukraine, they are: ___. 2. Compulsory secondary education begins ___ and is ___ in state schools but ___ in private schools. 3. Vocational schools provide ___ education and train specialists in different ___. 4. Institutions of higher education include ___. 5. The most famous higher educational establishments are ___. 6. ___ begins after the last year at University.

14.2. Письмове завдання

Вправа 2. Перекладіть англійською.

1. Більшість вищих навчальних закладів пропонують п’ятирічну програму навчання. 2. Учні не повинні носити шкільну форму. 3. Приватна освіта – платна. 4. Обов’язкова середня освіта представлена державними загально-освітніми школами та приватними школами. 5. Дошкільну освіту малята отримують у дитячих садочках, за які батьки мають платити. 6. Освіта в незалежній України добре розвинена і відповідає стандартам країн Західної Європи.

14.3. Розмовні формули. Agreement – Disagreement

Прочитайте зразки розмовних формул і складіть коротенькі діалоги.

Table 14.1 – Positive requests (Ввічливі запитання)

Table 14.2 – Positive replies (Позитивні відповіді)

Table 14.3 – Negative replies (Негативні відповіді)

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