III. Make up a plan of the text.

TEXT B

TEXT A

HORSE TACK

UNIT XIII

TEXT C

VI. Render the text in brief in a written form.

I. Mind the following words and word-combinations:

1. a cloth – тканина
2. a waist – талія
3. a tightly cinched belt – туго стягнутий пояс
4. a trim physique – зразкова тілобудова
5. a pouting chest – грудна клітина, що випинає

II. Listen to the text ‘BELTS’ and decide if the statements are true or false:

1. Belts are traditionally made of fabrics.
2. A belt is a modern invention.
3. Art Nouveau belt buckles are now collector’s items.
4. In the militarian periods, particularly the later half of the 19-th century the belt was strictly a decorative part of the uniform.
5. Men and women rarely wear belts nowadays.

III. Listen to the text again and be ready to answer the questions:

1. What does a belt serve?

2. Have belts been documented for clothing since the Bronze Age?

I. Read and remember the words and their translation:

1. horse tack – лимарні вироби
2. a saddle – сідло
3. a stirrup – стремено
4. a bridle – вузда, вуздечка
5. a halter – повід, оброть
6. a rein – повід, віжка
7. a bit – мундштук
8. a harness – упряж, шори
9. a martingale – мартингал (частина упряжі)
10. a breastplate – нагрудник, грудний ремінь

II. Read and remember the following phrases:

1. a girth or a cinch – попруга
2. to fasten at the rear of the saddle – застібати поза сідлом
3. to cause the horse pain – шкодити, спричиняти коневі біль
4. the riding discipline – дисципліна верхової їзди
5. to provide stability – забезпечувати рівновагу
6. to get stuck in – добре триматись
7. safety precautions – запобіжні заходи
8. a control measure – засіб правити (кіньми)
9. to keep a horse from – оберігати/утримувати коня від
10. the neck and girth straps intersect – ремінці шиї та попруги перехрещуються

III. Read and translate the following text:

Horse tack: saddles, stirrups and martingales

Tack is a term used to describe any of the various equipment and accessories worn by horses in the course of their use as domesticated animals. Saddles, stirrups, bridles, halters, reins, bits, harnesses, martingales, and breastplates are all forms of horse tack. Equipping a horse is often referred to as tacking up.

Saddles are seats for the rider, fastened to the horse's back by means of a girth (English-style riding) or cinch (Western-style), a wide strap that goes around the horse at a point about four inches behind the forelegs. Some western saddles will also have a second strap known as a flank or back cinch that fastens at the rear of the saddle and goes around the widest part of the horse's belly.

It is important that the saddle is comfortable for both the rider and the horse as an improperly fitting saddle may create pressure points on the horse's back muscle and cause the horse pain and can lead to the horse, the rider, or both getting injured.

There are many types of saddles, each specially designed for its given task. Saddles are usually divided into two major categories: "English saddles" and "Western saddles" according to the riding discipline they are used in. Other types of saddles, such as racing saddles, Australian saddles, sidesaddles and endurance saddles do not necessarily fit neatly in either category.

Stirrups are supports for the rider's feet that hang down on either side of the saddle. They provide greater stability for the rider but can have safety concerns due to the potential for rider's feet to get stuck in them. If a rider is thrown from a horse but has a foot caught in the stirrup, they could be dragged if the horse runs away. To minimize this risk, a number of safety precautions are taken. First, most riders wear riding boots with a heel and a smooth sole. Next, some saddles, particularly English saddles, have safety bars that allow a stirrup leather to fall off the saddle if pulled backwards by a falling rider. Other precautions are done with stirrup design itself. Western saddles have wide stirrup treads that make it more difficult for the foot to become trapped. A number of saddle styles incorporate a tapedero, which is covering over the front of the stirrup that keeps the foot from sliding all the way through the stirrup. The English stirrup (or "iron") has several design variations which are either shaped to allow the rider's foot to slip out easily or are closed with a very heavy rubber band. The invention of stirrups was of great historic significance in mounted combat, giving the rider secure foot support while on horseback.

A martingale is a piece of equipment that keeps a horse from raising its head too high. Various styles can be used as a control measure, to prevent the horse from avoiding rider commands by raising its head out of position; or as a safety measure to keep the horse from tossing its head high or hard enough to smack its rider in the face.

Martingales are usually attached to the horse one of two ways. They are either attached to the center chest ring of a breastplate or, if no breastplate is worn, they are attached by two straps, one that goes around the horse's neck, and the other that attaches to the girth, with the martingale itself beginning at the point in the center of the chest where the neck and girth straps intersect.

IV. Answer the following questions:

1. What term is used to describe any equipment and accessories worn by horses?
2. What is the way to fasten saddles to the horse’s back?
3. Do western saddles have a second strap?
4. What can cause the horse pain and lead to the horse or rider getting injured?
5. How many types of saddles have you learned from the text? Name them.
6. What provides greater stability for rider and rider’s feet?
7. What safety precautions are taken for a falling rider not to be dragged if the horse runs away?
8. How significant was the invention of stirrups?
9. What equipment is used as a control measure?
10. In what ways are martingales attached to the horse?

V. Complete the sentences with the words from the text:

1. … a horse is often referred to as ….
2. … are seats for rider.
3. Most riders wear ….
4. … was of great historic significance in mounted combat.
5. Various styles of … can be used as a control measure, to prevent the horse from avoiding riders commands.

VI. Find the equivalents to the words:

збруя, вершник, ремінь, дюйм, передні ноги (коня), поранити (зашкодити), волокти, чоботи для верхової їзди, закидати голову

VII. Make up sentences with the terms:

equipment and accessories, to fasten to, a flank or back cinch, types of saddles, to hang down, to be dragged, a control measure, a smooth sole, an invention

VIII. Give definitions to the words:

horse tack, a saddle, a girth, a tapedero, a riding discipline, stirrups, safety bars, riding boots, a martingale, a heel.

IX. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Сідла, стремена, попруги, різні типи вуздечок та інше спорядження для коней називаються лимарними виробами.
2. Сідло кріпиться на спині коня широким ременем, який називається попругою.
3. Сідло повинно бути зручним, як для вершника, так и для коня.
4. Існують сідла різних типів, але зазвичай їх поділяють на англійські та західні.
5. Стремена приєднують до обох боків сідла та служать опорою для ніг вершника під час верхової їзди.
6. Стремена надають вершнику більшої стійкості.
7. Вершники носять чоботи для верхової їзди, які мають каблук та гладку підошву, щоб зменшити ризик ушкоджень при падінні з коня.
8. Англійські стремена мають декілька конструктивних особливостей.
9. Мартингал, як запобіжний захід, не дає коню високо закидати голову, щоб не ударити вершника в обличчя.
10. Мартингал, як засіб правити конем, не дає йому можливості уникати команд вершника.

X. Speak on the topic using the following words and word-combinations:

horse tack, equipment and accessories, a saddle, to fasten to, a strap, to be comfortable for, to be designed for, a stirrup, to hang down either side of the saddle, to minimize the risk, great historic significance, a martingale, a control measure, a safety measure.

I. Read and remember:

1. a hackamore – недоуздок
2. a headcollar – недоуздок (оголов’я вуздечки)
3. a noseband – перенісся, нахрапник
4. a headstall – недоуздок (оголов’я вуздечки)
5. 5 a lead rope – довгий повід
6. a packhorse – в’ючний кінь
7. a stallion – жеребець
8. a buckle – скоба, хомутик, стяжка
9. an underhalter – під повід
10. an event – змагання

II. Read the text and define the main idea of it:

Horse Tack: Bridles and Breastplates

Bridles, hackamores, halters or headcollars, and similar equipment consist of various arrangements of straps around the horse's head, and are used for control and communication with the animal.

A halter (US) or headcollar (BE) (occasionally headstall) consists of a noseband and headstall that buckles around the horse's head and allows the horse to be led or tied. The lead rope is separate, and it may be short (from six to ten feet, two to three meters) for everyday leading and tying, or much longer (up to 25 feet, eight meters) for tasks such as for leading packhorses or for picketing a horse out to graze. Some horses, particularly stallions, may have a chain attached to the lead rope and placed over the nose or under the jaw to increase the control provided by a halter while being led. Most of the time, horses are not ridden with a halter, as it offers insufficient precision and control. Halters have no bit.

In Australian and British English, a halter is a rope with a spliced running loop around the nose and another over the poll, used mainly for unbroken horses or for cattle. The lead rope cannot be removed from the halter. A show halter is made from rolled leather and the lead attaches to form the chinpiece of the noseband. These halters are not suitable for paddock usage or in loose stalls. An underhalter is a lightweight halter or headcollar which is made with only one small buckle, and can be worn under a bridle for tethering a horse without untacking.

Bridles usually have a 'bit attached to reins and are used for riding and driving horses.

English Bridles have a cavesson style noseband and are seen in English riding. Their reins are buckled to one another, and they have little adornment or flashy hardware.

Western Bridles used in Western riding usually have no noseband, are made of thin bridle leather. They may have long, separated "Split" reins or shorter closed reins. Western bridles are often adorned with silver or other decorative features.

Double bridles are a type of English bridle that use two bits in the mouth at once, a snaffle and a curb. The two bits allow the rider to have very precise control of the horse. As a rule, only very advanced horses and riders use double bridles. Double bridles are usually seen in the top levels of dressage, but also are seen in certain types of show hack and saddle seat competition.

Breastplates, breastcollars or breastgirths attach to the front of the saddle, cross the horse's chest, and usually have a strap that runs between the horse's front legs and attaches to the girth. They keep the saddle from sliding back or sideways. They are usually seen in demanding, fast-paced sports. They are crucial pieces of safety equipment for English riding activities requiring jumping, such events as show jumping, polo, and fox hunting. They are also seen in Western riding events, particularly in rodeo, reining and cutting, where it is particularly important to prevent a saddle from shifting. They may also be worn in other horse show classes for decorative purposes.

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