Прочитайте и переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы.

Прочитайте и переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. How does the SAA define preservation?

2. What is the goal of preservation?

3. What were the first modern central archives?

4. What are archivists primarily concerned with?

5. What century were national libraries and national archives established in Europe?

6. What conditions must archives be preserved?

An archive is a collection of historical records, or the physical place they are located. Archives contain primary source documents that have accumulated over the course of an individual or organization's lifetime, and are kept to show the function of an organization. In general, archives consist of records that have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation on grounds of their cultural, historical, or evidentiary value. Archival records are normally unpublished and almost always unique, unlike books or magazines for which many identical copies exist. A person who works in archives is called an ‘archivist’. The study and practice of organizing, preserving, and providing access to information and materials in archives is called ‘archival science’.

The use of keeping official documents is very old. Archeologists have discovered archives of hundreds of clay tablets going back to the third and second millennia BC in sites like Ebla, Mari, Amarna, Pylos. These discoveries are fundamental to know ancient alphabets, languages, literatures and politics. Archives were developed by the ancient Chinese, the ancient Greeks, and ancient Romans (who called them Tabularia). However, they have been lost, since documents were written on organic materials like papyrus and paper. On the contrary, many archives founded since Middle Age by churches, kingdoms and cities survive and often have kept their official status till now. They are the basic tool for historical research on these ages. Modern archival thinking has many roots in the French Revolution. The French National Archives, who possess perhaps the largest archival collection in the world, with records going as far back as A.D. 625, were created in 1790s during the French Revolution from various government, religious, and private archives seized by the revolutionaries.

Historians, genealogists, lawyers, demographers, filmmakers, and others conduct research at archives. The research process at each archive is unique, and depends upon the institution in which the archive is housed. While there are many different kinds of archives, the most recent census of archivists in the United States identified five major types: academic, business (for profit), government, non-profit, and other. There are also four main areas of inquiry involved with archives: material technologies, organizing principles, geographic locations, and tangled embodiments of humans and non-humans.

Archives in colleges, universities, and other educational facilities are typically housed within a library, and duties may be carried out by an archivist. Academic archives exist to preserve and celebrate the history of their school and academic community. An academic archive may contain items such as the administrative records of the institution, papers of former professors and presidents, memorabilia related to school organizations and activities, rare books or thesis copies. Access to the collections in these archives is usually by prior appointment only; some have posted hours for making enquiries. Users of academic archives can be undergraduates, graduate students, faculty and staff, scholarly researchers, and the general public. (По материалам www.en.wikipedia.org)

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