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Archival Science is the theory and study of storing, cataloguing, and retrieving documents and items. Emerging from diplomatics, Archival Science also encompasses the study of past efforts to preserve documents and items, remediation of those techniques in cases where those efforts have failed, and the development of new processes. The field also includes the study of traditional and electronic catalogue storage methods, digital preservation and the long range impact of all types of storage programs. Records are the core of the archival tradition. In the tradition, records are defined as data or information in a fixed form that are created or received during the course of an activity and set aside for evidence of that activity or future reference. Archives must be trusted in order to be of value to society, thus they must have certain qualities. This includes authenticity, reliability, integrity, and usability. Archival records must accurately represent the activity, and must be in an accessible location and in usable condition.

History. In 1540, Jacob von Rammingen (1510 – 1582) wrote the manuscript of the earliest known archival manual. He was an expert on registries (Registraturen), the German word for what later became known as archives. Rammingen elaborated a registry for the Augsburg city council – but could not be personally present there, and thus had to describe the structure and management of the archives in writing. Rammingen is considered the father of archival science. Jacob von Rammingen's manual was printed in Heidelberg in 1571. Traditionally, archival science has involved the study of methods for preserving items in climate-controlled storage facilities. It is also the study of cataloguing and accession, of retrieval and safe handling. The advent of digital documents along with the development of electronic databases has caused the field to re-evaluate its means. While generally associated with museums and libraries, the field also can pertain to individuals who maintain private collections or business archives. Archival Science is taught in colleges and universities.

Standards. The ICA standard, ISO standard, and DIRKS standard, act as working guidelines for archives to follow and adapt in ways that would best suit their respective needs. When cataloguing archives, archivists are expected to follow a set of standards. Rules of Archival Description, also known as RAD, provides archivists with a set of rules which aim to provide a consistent and common foundation for the description of archival material within a fond, based on traditional archival principles. Metadata provides archivists with the contextual data surrounding a record or aggregate of records. Standards such as Machine-Readable Cataloguing (MARC format), Encoded Archival Description (EAD), and Dublin core are standards for archival metadata providing archivists with descriptions in regards to collections.

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