Unit I. The Passive Voice

CONTENTS

Content

Forbidden Fruit

Text 11. Pregnant Championships

When the 1998 Winter Olympics ended in Nagano, it became known in Moscow that Yelena Vyalbe, the well known skier, five-time world champion and winner of the Olympic relay, was an expectant mother. Apparently, she had already been pregnant while competing in the Olympics.

Coaches, athletes, and sports doctors have long known about the “hormonal explosion” that occurs in a female organism at early stages of pregnancy and how it can sometimes be used to good advantage.

Three and a half months before a competition a female athlete becomes pregnant, and two months later – during which time the organism builds up a good deal of energy – the fetus is aborted. After abortion, the woman is given some time to recuperate and then is put through a rigorous training program under tremendous strain and pressure. This is a great method to ensure good results. After all, the 1OC

antidoping commission is yet to open a season on pregnant women athletes. The most bitter episode in the life of Marina Logvinenko, a double Olympic shooting champion and silver medal holder at the 1996 Atlanta Games, was her “contract” pregnancy. I have it from Marina herself and her husband, also her coach, Vladimir. (I should explain that in the following conversation, the husband and wife referred to the Seoul-88 Olympics).

Vladimir Logvinenko:

“At the time Marina was No. 1 in the Soviet team. She held all conceivable records. Even so, that time around they wanted a 150 percent guarantee of her victory in the Olympic Games. So, the chief physician of our national side worked on my wife and me for a long time, insisting that Marina arrive in Seoul at an early stage of pregnancy and then presumably she would be unmatched.”

Marina Logvinenko:

“And so I was. Quite unmatched in feeling violently sick a couple of days after our arrival in the South Korean capital: I had acute toxicosis and vomited nonstop. Within two weeks I lost 13 kilograms.

So those who knew what was going on were impressed even by my third position in one of the pistol exercises.”

Fans are already accustomed to the fact that from time to time newspapers publish investigations into these practices. Thus, not so long ago, readers were let into a stunning secret. “Sex the night before the competition was the secret weapon of a women’s team in one socialist country that produced fantastic results.”

References.

Unit 1.

Unit 2.

Unit 3.

Revision 1.

Unit 4.

Unit 5.

Unit 6.

Revision 2.

Unit 7.

Unit 8.

Unit 9.

Revision3.

Unit 10.

Revision 4.

Texts to read, translate and use in the research work.

Supplementary texts and exercises.

References.

Предисловие ………………………………………………………….….… 3

Unit I. The Passive Voice …………………………………………….…….. 4

Modes of Heat Transfer ………………………………………..... 4

Famous People: Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier ……………..….. 6

Unit II. Participle I ……………………………………………………….….. 6

Hydroelectric Power Plants ………………………………….….. 7

Famous People: Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov ………….…... 8

Unit III. Participle II …………………………………………………….…... 9

Nuclear Power Plants ………………………………………..…... 9

Famous People: Thomas Newcomen …………………….……. 11

Unit IV. Perfect Participle and Participle II (special cases) …………..…….. 11

Fossil-fuel Power Plants ……………………………………..... 12

Famous People: James Watt …………………………………… 13

Unit V. The Absolute Participle Construction …………………………….... 14

Steam Turbine ………………………………………………..... 14

Famous People: Sir Charles Algernon Parsons ……………..…. 16

Unit VI. The Gerund ……………………………………………………..…. 16

Furnace ………………………………………………………... 17

Famous People: Robert Boyle ……………………………...…. 18

Unit VII. The Infinitive ………………………………………………..…… 19

Hydroelectric power …………………………………………... 19

Famous People: Hermann von Helmholtz ………………….… 20

Unit VIII. The Complex object ………………………………………….…. 21

Steam Nozzles …………………………………………….…... 22

Famous People: Carl Gustaf Patrik de Laval …………….…… 23

Unit IX. The Complex Subject ……………………………………………... 23

Gas Burners …………………………………………………… 24

Famous People: Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac …………………… 25

Unit X. The Infinitive Construction Introduced by the Preposition ‘’for’’ … 26

Old and Modern Theories of Heat …………………………….. 26

Famous People: Daniel Bernoulli …………………………….. 28

Supplementary texts Part I ……………………………………………… 28

What do the words ‘Hot’, ‘Cold’, and ‘Temperature’ mean? ……………... 28

Generators ………………………………………………………………….. 29

Engines ……………………………………………………………………. 30

Protection Against Environmental Pollution ………………………………… 31

What Is Heat? ……………………………………………………………… 31

Evaporation …………………………………………………………….. 32

How Can We Use Steam? …………………………………………………. 33

Electric Current Generation ………………………………………………... 34

Conventional Power Generation in Russia ………………………………… 35

Amount of Heat Depends on Current and Resistance ………………………… 36

The Turbine Nozzle ……………………………………………………... 37

Electric Power Plants ……………………………………………………… 37

Chernobyl Accident ………………………………………………………. 38

Part II ………………………………………………………………………. 38

Renewable energy.…………………………………………………………… 38

Steam Generation ………………………………………………………….. 39

The Steam-Generating Units ………………………………………. ……. 39

Heat Exchangers …………………………………………………… ……. 40

Direct-Contact Feed-Water Heaters ………………………………… ……. 41

Closed Feed Water Heaters ………………………………………… ….… 41

Condensers …………………………………………………………………… 42

How a Condenser Works ……………………………………………..….… 43

The Two-Drum Water-Tube Boiler ………………………………………. 43

Energy.………………………………………………………………………… 44

Steam turbine …………………………………………………………. ……... 45

Gas turbine ………………………………………………………………….. 46

Electricity generation ……………………………………………………….. 47

Primary energy sources used in electrical power generation ………………….. 48

Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydro Systems ………………………… 49

Automatic Production and Technology Processes …………………………. 49

Краткий грамматический справочник …………………………………… 50

Страдательный залог ……………………………………………………… 50

Причастие ………………………………………………………………….. 51

Независимый причастный оборот …………………………………………54

Герундий …………………………………………………………………… 55

Сложный герундиальный оборот ………………………………………… 56

Инфинитив …………………………………………………………………. 57

Объектный инфинитивный оборот ………………………………………. 59

Субъектный инфинитивный оборот ……………………………………... 60

Инфинитивный оборот с предлогом "for" ……………………………….. 61

GRAMMAR EXERCISES ……………………………………………….… 62

Irregular Verbs …………………………………………………………….... 67

Idioms, Prepositional and Conjunctional Phrases ………………………..… 69

АНГЛО-РУССКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ ………………………………………..…. 87

БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК ………………………………….… 112

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Сборник предназначен для работы со студентами II курса теплоэнергетического факультета. Цель работы – подготовить студентов к самостоятельной работе с оригинальной литературой по специальности на английском языке. Сборник ставит своей задачей:

1) развитие умений изучающего чтения с детальным пониманием прочитанного;

2) развитие навыков перевода научно-технической литературы;

3) развитие навыков говорения по проблемам теплоэнергетической специальности.

Учебная деятельность направлена на отработку и закрепление грамматических форм и оборотов, характерных для научно-технической литературы. Сборник состоит из 10 разделов, ориентированных на возрастание уровня грамматической сложности. Каждый раздел включает текст, представляющий практический и познавательный интерес для студентов и упражнения. Предтекстовые грамматические упражнения ориентированы на тренировку грамматических структур, которые далее встречаются в тексте. Послетекстовые задания направлены на проверку понимания и обсуждение прочитанного, на отработку и закрепление активной лексики по специальности. В конце каждого раздела дается дополнительный текст, который содержит факты из жизни выдающихся ученых, внесших вклад в развитие теплоэнергетики. Тексты способствуют совершенствованию навыков беспереводного чтения и могут использоваться при подготовке к экзамену. В приложении даются дополнительные тексты по теплоэнергетике, представляющие средний (часть 1) и высокий (часть 2) уровни сложности, что дает возможность преподавателю подбирать материал в соответствии с языковым уровнем студентов. Сборник содержит справочный материал: таблицу неправильных глаголов; список специфических оборотов и идиоматических выражений; терминологический словарь с ключевыми словами и базовыми понятиями по специальности; грамматический справочник. После справочника даются дополнительные упражнения, которые могут быть использованы как для повторения грамматического материала, так и для контроля знаний грамматики.

Read the following sentences. State the voice and the tense forms of the predicates. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Charged particles are influenced by electric fields.

2. Thomson’s discovery of electron was followed by many other exciting discoveries.

3. It was found that the substance was radioactive.

4. Steps are taken to increase the production of our plants.

5. The result of the experiment is shown in fig.11.

6. Chemical methods of purifying water are given much attention to at present.

7. The new discovery was being much spoken about.

8. This problem can be solved by a new kind of electronic computers.

9. The performance of the new computer will be demonstrated tomorrow.

10. Samuel Morse believed that electricity could be used to send messages.

11. The new device had been tested for two hours when the chief engineer came and

stopped the experiment.

12. The relay was given its initial position.

13. The molecules of even a good insulator are acted upon by an electric field.

14. The operation of the new device was looked at with great interest.

15. The discovery of the electron was followed by the discovery of the proton and neutron.

· Read the following text. Find the predicate in each sentence and state the tense form. Which of the predicates are in the passive voice? Translate the text into Russian.

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