КАТЕГОРИИ:
Архитектура-(3434)Астрономия-(809)Биология-(7483)Биотехнологии-(1457)Военное дело-(14632)Высокие технологии-(1363)География-(913)Геология-(1438)Государство-(451)Демография-(1065)Дом-(47672)Журналистика и СМИ-(912)Изобретательство-(14524)Иностранные языки-(4268)Информатика-(17799)Искусство-(1338)История-(13644)Компьютеры-(11121)Косметика-(55)Кулинария-(373)Культура-(8427)Лингвистика-(374)Литература-(1642)Маркетинг-(23702)Математика-(16968)Машиностроение-(1700)Медицина-(12668)Менеджмент-(24684)Механика-(15423)Науковедение-(506)Образование-(11852)Охрана труда-(3308)Педагогика-(5571)Полиграфия-(1312)Политика-(7869)Право-(5454)Приборостроение-(1369)Программирование-(2801)Производство-(97182)Промышленность-(8706)Психология-(18388)Религия-(3217)Связь-(10668)Сельское хозяйство-(299)Социология-(6455)Спорт-(42831)Строительство-(4793)Торговля-(5050)Транспорт-(2929)Туризм-(1568)Физика-(3942)Философия-(17015)Финансы-(26596)Химия-(22929)Экология-(12095)Экономика-(9961)Электроника-(8441)Электротехника-(4623)Энергетика-(12629)Юриспруденция-(1492)Ядерная техника-(1748)
Ex.8. Определите к какому типу относятся следующие условные предложения и переведите их на русский язык.
|
|
|
|
P a r t II
Ex.9. Поставьте сказуемые, данные в скобках, в отрицательную форму. Полученные предложения прочитайте и переведите.
1) The decrease in tax rates always [leads] to the increase in aggregate demand.
2) The population of the country [recognized] the new government and organized a demonstration of protest.
3) Since the computer is still under guarantee, I assume that I [will be charged] for the repairs.
4) To date, we [have received] a single order for our new product.
5) Nowadays, very few countries [participate] in international trade.
6) I was very nervous when I first drove in Britain because I [had driven] on the left before.
7) Several employees were injured because they [followed] safety procedures.
8) Prices for electricity [has grown] this year.
9) I [have] any other source of income except for my salary.
10) The financial statement [has been signed] by the chief accountant because of a computational error.
11) Electricity has many useful properties: it [generates] by-products and [contaminates] the environment.
12) Unfortunately, the firms [came] to agreement on the terms of payment and delivery of equipment.
13) Gross domestic product [can be defined] until various sectors of economy are analyzed.
14) GDP [includes] the value of imported goods and services.
15) Although Martin has just graduated from London University with an Honors Degree in Law, he still fears that it [will be easy] to find a good job because of recession.
Ex.1. Образуйте причастие I [Participle I] или причастие II [Participle II] от глаголов, данных в скобках. Предложения переведите.
1) Coca-Cola Co. is one of the [ to lead – Participle I] producers of soft drinks in the world.
Its main competitor is Pepsi-Cola Co.; frankly speaking, I do not see any difference between drinks [ to produce – Participle II] by them.
2) The wages of workers and salaries of employees are usually paid down on [ to fix – Participle II] dates.
3) When [ to construct – Participle I] the railway, it is cheaper to use local materials.
4) In the city centre, there are noisy market stalls [ to set – Participle II] in narrow alleys.
5) You can find the telephone number of specialists [ to repair – Participle I] computers in any newspaper.
6) The [ to receive – Participle II] information was not correct.
7) Bank crises lead to immediate withdrawal of money from commercial banks, thus [ to result – Participle I] in their bankruptcy.
8) Large companies [ to operate – Participle I] in many countries are [ to call – Participle II] multinationals.
9) The seats with [ to build in – Participle II] TV sets are installed in the new passenger carriages.
10) Shares are documents [ to show – Participle I] what part of the company’s capital belongs to their owner.
11) At Christmas sales in the USA and Great Britain, people can buy goods at [ to reduce – Participle II] prices.
12) Labor force is a part of population [ to participate – Participle I] in production.
13) No other company may use a [ to register – Participle II] brand name.
14) A letter of credit was sent by the bank to the exporter, [ to inform – Participle I] him that payment for goods had been effected.
15) General Motors supports many smaller manufacturing and service companies that provide the parts [ to need – Participle II] to make automobiles.
16) When [ to travel – Participle I] from one country to another, people convert one currency to another.
17) Macroeconomics is the branch of economics [ to analyze – Participle I] interrelationship among sectors of economy.
18) Economics explain most economical laws, [ to give – Participle I] examples from people’s everyday life.
19) Microsoft is the [ to recognize – Participle II] leader in developing and distributing computer software throughout the world.
20) [ To implement – Participle I] easy or tight monetary policy, the Central Bank can influence the money supply in the economy.
Ex.2. Переведите предложения, содержащие инфинитив [Infinitive] в функции подлежащего (A), части составного сказуемого (B), определения (C), обстоятельства (D).
(A) 1)It is possible to increase demand for a commodity by advertising.
2) It is easy to obtain the full information of any transaction thanks to the double entry
bookkeeping.
3) It was necessary to replace out-of-date equipment for increasing labor productivity.
4) To replace old equipment is one thing; to train workers to use modern technologies is
another one.
5) To send these goods by air is very expensive but they are needed urgently.
6) To carry traveler’s checks abroad is very convenient because you can cash them
whenever you may need.
7) To use food stamps was common practice in many countries in wartime.
8) To stay in the tobacco market is not an easy task for Russian manufacturers because of
intense competition.
(B) 1) The plan of the company is to increase profits by reducing prices at the local market.
2) The task of the workers was to repair the assembly line as soon as possible.
3) The aim of the talks was to settle the debts of the Russian government to foreign banks.
4) The problem was to choose the best project out of seven.
5) The purpose of market research is to find out what the customers want – in what form,
shape, color and package the buyers will acquire the product.
6) The central economic problem is to reconcile the conflict between people’s unlimited
demands with society’s ability to produce goods and services.
7) A bank’s main function is to be an intermediary between depositors and borrowers.
8) The aim of the public opinion poll carried out last week was to find out what young
people thought about the two different brands of soft drink.
(C) 1) Everybody is interested in the problem to be discussed at the scientific conference.
2) The new branches of industry to be developed in this part of the country are
metallurgy and radio engineering.
3) The share of national income to be spent on national defense varies from country to
country.
4) The new automobile plant to be constructed here will be the largest in the country.
5) Penalty is a sum of money to be paid if a contract is broken.
6) Imports may be raw materials for domestic production or the goods to be bought
directly by people, such as a Japanese television set or a bottle of French wine.
7) An increase in government spending and borrowing has some effect on interest rates
to be offered by banks.
8) Government control of rent can decrease the supply of property to be leased.
(D) 1) To get a job in Switzerland, foreigners need special permission.
2) Although foreign trade is an essential part of a nation’s economy, governmental
restrictions are sometimes necessary to protect national interests.
3) To solve the pricing problem properly, the manager should regard the interests of both
the company and its customers.
4) The Central Bank of Russia uses its reserves to help repay Russia’s foreign debt.
5) Year by year, it takes less time to fly across the Atlantic and more time to drive to the
office.
6) People immigrate to other countries to find better jobs.
7) He is too independent to work well in a team.
8) Some strategic industries, such as Atomic Energy and Defense, are too important to be
left in private hands.
9) This commodity is expensive enough to be in high demand.
10) The company is not large enough to invest much in production.
Ex.3. Укажите функцию инфинитива – подлежащее, часть составного сказуемого, дополнение, определение, обстоятельство – и переведите предложения.
1) The task of the public relations department was to project the right image of the company.
2) Financial capital to be invested in a business can belong to the business itself or it can be lent by a bank.
3) It is not always easy to explain why consumers prefer one good to another.
4) The government can give tax benefits to the companies to support domestic industry.
5) The aim of any company establishing its own site in the Internet is to advertise its products all over the world.
6) It is necessary to build good roads to promote the rapid development of this region.
7) Insurance company is a company that agrees to provide money to compensate the loss or damage of property in the case of fire, accident, etc.
8) The money to be borrowed from the bank is called a loan.
9) It is important to research the market before manufacturing a new product and putting it on sale.
10) People buy insurance to protect themselves against losses that may result from an accident or catastrophe.
11) Like physical capital, human capital is important enough to be an indicator of economic development of a nation.
12) The economist Adam Smith was the first to develop the concept of labor division in which different operators work on various parts of a product rather than one worker making the whole product.
13) Tax is a sum of money to be paid by citizens [according to income, for example] to the government.
14) To win new customers, to develop new products, to increase the output and to attract investors a company must expand, diversify or both.
15) The British government provides financial help to small firms to develop the small business sector of the economy.
16) The most important rules for a businessperson are to keep his word and to be honest.
17) The information is too outdated to be used for the analysis of the present-day situation.
18) The Prime Minister emphasized the importance of speeding up measures to be taken to cope with inflation.
19) Both cash on hand and sight deposit to be used for daily purchases are classified as money, while time deposit is not.
20) To ensure steady economic growth it is necessary to attract larger investments.
Ex.4. Прочитайте и переведите предложения, содержащие инфинитивную конструкцию сложное подлежащее [Complex Subject] .
1) Customer is known to be always right.
2) They are unlikely to pay off all their debts this year.
3) Next year, the prices for electricity are expected to be as high as this year or even higher.
4) Governments of both countries were reported to have ratified the free trade agreement.
5) We are sure to send you invoice before the end of the month.
6) The annual output of personal computers is expected to reach millions in the near future.
7) The modern economy is known to require vast amount of energy for farms, factories, homes, and transportation.
8) Accounting is often said to be the language of business.
9) Do you happen to know where I can change dollars into euros?
10) The balance sheet is believed to be invented in Britain in the 16th century.
11) The first true coins are likely to have been minted by the Lydians, a people who lived in Anatolia during the 7th century BC.
12) In countries with very high unemployment benefits, more people have been found to prefer staying unemployed.
13) The inflation rate proved to be higher than anticipated.
14) Unless the government takes efforts to improve fiscal situation, the country’s economy is unlikely to be flourishing.
15) Advertising is assumed to have been made the most important tool of selling commodities.
16) The gasoline prices are expected to be raised due to the new tax.
17) She is certain to be promoted to Sales Manager.
18) The labor of a man with secondary education was found to be 108 per cent more efficient than that of a man without education. Moreover, the work of a university graduate proves to be 300 per cent more efficient than that of a specialist with secondary education.
19) The minimum wage was reported to be increased next month.
20) This company proved to contribute a lot of to the pension fund.
Ex.5. Прочитайте и переведите предложения, содержащие инфинитивную конструкцию сложное дополнение [Complex Object] .
1) As the prices of fuels have risen, we suppose their production to expand.
2) I know Susan to have been hired by a top advertising agency. I hope her to cope with this work.
3) Martin wanted his letters to be sent by airmail.
4) Current account enables people to keep their money in a safe place and to withdraw it anytime. Moreover, the bank provides its clients with checkbooks so that they do not have to carry a lot of cash.
5) The chief accountant ordered balance sheet to be prepared as soon as possible.
6) I did not expect my salary to be as high as this.
7) Have you heard the factory close down with the loss of 65 jobs?
8) I think them to earn enough to afford buying a new flat.
9) The free market allows individuals to produce goods and services without any government restrictions.
10) The manager does not want you to take a holiday at such a busy time.
11) We heard our chief engineer have been offered to take up a post of a deputy director at a new automobile plant.
12) If you want to succeed in business, you must not let your competitors take your customers away and put out better products than yours.
13) Keen competition makes small companies merge or go into joint ventures to survive as independent units.
14) What made him sign this contract, I wonder?
15) Nobody expected this large bank to be declared bankrupt.
16) Analysts suppose economic growth to decrease rapidly unemployment rate.
17) The use of the new equipment enabled us to minimize the number of workers.
18) Economists consider forces of demand and supply to determine the prices of goods and services.
19) Our manager wants your firm to accelerate this transaction.
20) A large supply of raw materials and spare parts enabled the enterprise to work smoother [зд.: без остановок, бесперебойно ].
Ex.6. Прочитайте и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на многофункциональность глаголов to be и to have .
(A) 1) The exchange rate of national currency against foreign currency is a reliable enough
indicator of the domestic economy stability and its attractiveness for foreign investors.
2) The government is to determine a minimum standard of living and it is to be provided
for every household and individual.
3) As statistics show, Britain’s economy is now in the best shape that anyone can
remember: business is booming; the budget is in the black; inflation and
unemployment are at their lowest levels in last decades.
4) The situation at the market when the consumer demand exceeds supply is known as
shortage of goods.
5) The aim of a common agricultural policy of the EC members is to protect domestic
producers against importing cheap farm goods from non-member countries.
6) Sony is a major competitor of General Electric.
7) The purpose of the World Bank is to provide long-term loans to poor countries to
speed up their economic development.
8) In Russia, the price level is constantly moving only one way – up.
9) To keep unemployment rate as low as possible is important for rapid economic growth.
10) According to international standards, equipment at the plants is to be replaced every
eight years.
(B) 1) Company managers are to calculate future costs and profits before starting producing
a new commodity.
2) The exchange rates for various currencies are determined by market forces and they
change every day.
3) The three main forms of business ownership are sole proprietorship, partnership, and
corporation.
4) The main functions of taxation are to cover government spending, to promote stable
economic growth of the country and to lessen inequalities in the distribution of income
and wealth.
5) Commercial banks are to obtain government licenses before starting their activities in
the financial market.
6) Prices now are over five times what they were fifty years ago.
7) There is a lot of traffic in the morning when many people are travelling to work.
8) Russian programmers are sought after all over the world.
9) The goods produced by our company are in great demand.
10) Individuals are to pay income tax on earnings from labor, rents, dividends and
interest.
(C) 1) The board meeting was to start at 10 a.m.
2) They knew that the advertising company was a failure.
3) The main task of the plant managers at that moment was to replace old equipment in
order to keep up labor efficiency at the required level.
4) Our boss was delighted by the results of the recent advertising campaign.
5) Until the middle of the 18th century, industry in contrast to agriculture and commerce
was of little importance in the economies of Europe and America.
6) The fax was to be sent two hours ago.
7) The aim of some government regulations and restrictions was to reduce the supply of
low quality goods to the market.
8) The firm was too heavily in debt to hope to get any credit.
9) In Russia, the exchange rate ceiling was imposed temporarily by the Central Bank for
the period of economic reforms in the mid-to-late 1990s.
10) The intention of marketing managers was to carry out market research and to
determine a new target group.
(D) 1) The matter is urgent; we have to phone her immediately.
2) People who have lost their jobs through no fault of their own receive unemployment
benefit only for specific period, usually less than a year.
3) In the USA, cities and states have the right to increase the price of some goods.
4) Many African countries have to develop the export of natural resources if they want to
increase their national income.
5) You must have a visa to enter a foreign country.
6) We have to pay many taxes buying luxury goods.
7) I have some bonds and shares to a value of $45,000.
8) British coins have been minted at the Royal Mint since the 11th century.
(E) 1) The company has earned enough to cover annual costs.
2) Italy has few natural resources. Most raw materials needed for industry and much of
its energy has to be imported.
3) In the absence of some form of money, exchange has to take the form of barter.
4) The contract has to be signed by the firm’s manager and the chief accountant.
5) From ancient times, Russia has been known as a large producer of gold.
6) Our company has to establish a network of dealers across the whole Russia.
7) Brazil has increased recently the exports of foodstuffs, one of which is coffee.
8) Inflation has many causes. Inflation often follows a war, when the government has
spent vast sums on military equipment and has not raised taxes enough to pay for it.
(F) 1) The insurance company had to pay for the equipment damaged in transit.
2) Although Stephen had invited me to dinner, he asked me to pay the check.
3) Both candidates had excellent references and the manager did not know whom to
choose.
4) They had to spend more money on this trip.
5) The factory had raw materials enough to work for a month without stopping.
6) The British Railways had been owned by four private companies before they were
nationalized in 1947.
7) John had to pay a wrong parking fine.
8) The word ‘coin’ comes from the Latin ‘cuneus’ meaning ‘wedge’, because some early
coins had different wedge shapes to indicate their relative value.
Ex.7. Переведите следующие словосочетания, обращая внимание на способы выражения определений. Укажите, чем выражено определение – существительным, прилагательным, причастием I, причастием II, герундием, инфинитивом.
• financial transactions • dealer representing our firm
• equipment installed at the plant • devices to be packed into the boxes
• goods delivery charge • regular price for large orders
• computers to be supplied by a Japanese firm • rising cost of fuel
• improved methods of constructing • large London-based firm
• shop selling perfume • ways of increasing sales
• economic situation analysis • plant reconstruction cost
• market research to be carried out • quickly growing enterprise
• farm raising wheat • investment climate improvement
• passenger service quality • low cost of transporting freight
• goods placed in storage • life-expired equipment to be replaced
• possibility of applying atomic energy • device designed by a young engineer
• domestic economy stability • cargo weighing several tons
• much- advertised product • capital to be invested in bonds and stocks
• cars parked near the office • payment made through a bank
• manager with good spoken and written • computer technology literate people
English-language skills
1) If he had patented his invention, he would have made a lot of money.
2) Consumers would use the new software if it were not so expensive.
3) If you quit your job at 50, you will not get your full pension.
4) Had the company lowered the prices of hotels and restaurants earlier, perhaps this would have attracted more tourists.
5) If the transportation costs are reduced, the total costs of the commodity will be reduced too.
6) They would not have agreed to our terms, unless we, in our turn, had made certain concessions.
7) If we allocated enough resources to agriculture, we would achieve a high level of production.
8) If the company increases production but demand remains stable, the price of the goods will fall.
9) Unless the double-entry system had been introduced in Russia in the 18th century, economic development of the country would have been delayed.
10) Provided you bought more than 10 books, we should reduce the cost of each book by ten per cent.
11) If profits had been higher than costs, the firm would not have gone bankrupt.
12) Provided we quickly receive visas, we shall be able to take part in the international conference.
|
|
|
|
|
Дата добавления: 2017-02-01; Просмотров: 178; Нарушение авторских прав?; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!