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Употребите соответствующий предлог (движения, места, направления).

(Above, across, around, at, behind, from, in front of, in, into, on, out of, over, through, to, under)

1. There is a garden... our house. 2. The bridge is... the river. 3. All students are... the lesson now. 4. Where are the boys? They are... the park. 5. Our flat is... the center. 6. There was a lamp... the table. 7. He will sit... you. 8. Usually we go... the college together. 9. He came... the house. 10. I come home... school very late. 11. Take my book... him, please. 12. Come... the room. 13. He took us... the forest. 14. Children, take your books... your bags and put them... the tables. 15. The box was... the bed. 16. He looks... the window.

№ 6.

Поставьте к следующим предложени­ям вопросы:

1. There is a book on the table. 2. He must work hard today. 3. We are leaving for Moscow next week. 4. We were reading the whole evening. 5. They don't go to work on Sunday. 6. It is not cold today. 7. Ann has already be­gun to read a new book. 8. We learn English at school. 9. They will show you how to get there.

№ 7.

Вставьте somebody, anybody, nobody или everybody.

Определите временную форму гла­голов и переведите на английский язык.

1. Вчера в 9 часов вечера я смотрел телевизор. 2. Она сказала, что еще не выполнила домашнее задание. 3. Когда пришел мой друг, я еще завтракал. 4. Когда я встретил ее впервые, она работала в школе. 5. Все студенты выполнили задание после того, как препо­даватель рассказал им, как его делать. 6. Когда мы вышли на улицу, ярко светило солнце. 7. Мой друг сказал, что его брат уже приехал. 8. Я читал книгу, когда услышал телефонный звонок. 9. После того, как врач осмотрел (to examine) больного, он поговорил с его родственниками, 10. Когда мы пришли на останов­ку (bus stop), автобус уже ушел. 11. Он смотрел теле­визор, когда пришел его друг. 12. Почтальон обычно приходит в девять часов утра. Сейчас уже половина десятого, а он все еще не пришел. 13. Каждый вечер я смотрю телевизор. 14. Служащие (the clerks) заканчи­вают работу в шесть часов вечера. 15. Разве она не зна­ла об этом? 16. Разве вы не видели этот фильм? 17. Она еще не брала своего маленького сына в театр. 18. Он обычно очень внимательно слушает учителя, но сей­час он не слушает, у него болит голова. 19. Я не играл в футбол с прошлого года. 20. Маленькая девочка часто помогает своей матери. 21. Автор (author) еще (still) молодой человек. Он написал свою первую книгу в 1989 году. 22. Сейчас 8 часов утра и ребенок уже про­снулся. Вчера утром он проснулся раньше. 23. В шко­ле он играл в футбол.

№ 9.

Поставьте глаголы в нужную времен­ную форму, соблюдая правило согласования времен. Переведите предложения.

1.I did not know that you already (to read) this book 2. He did it better than we (to expect). 3. He said that the bus (to be) here soon. 4. He told us that he (to do) this work himself 5. They decided that they (to bring) us all the books we need. 6. He said that he (can) not do it with­out my help. 7. I decided that next year I (to go) to the Black Sea coast. 8. It was decided that we (to begin) our work at eight o'clock. 9.I told them that I (to leave) for Minsk next day. 10. The boy did not know that he already (to receive) a good mark. 11. The students wanted to know when they (to pass) their examinations. 12. We saw that our teacher just (to go out) and he (to come back) soon. 13. He said we (may) keep the books as long as we (to like). 14. We knew that he not (to be able) to make his work in time and (to decide) to help him. 15. We understood at once that this control work (to be) a difficult one.

№ 10.

Раскройте скобки, поставьте глаго­лы в нужные формы страдательного залога.

1. I'm not reading these books today. They (return) to the library. 2. The paintings (exhibit) till the end of the month. 3. Why your home task (not do)? 4. The patient (take) to the hospital today, and (operate) tomorrow morning. 5. This room (use) only on special occasions. 6. Bicycles must not (leave) here. 7. This newspaper (not read) because the pages (not cut). 8. Dictionaries may not (use) at the examination. 9. Usually the floor (sweep) every day, but it (not sweep) yesterday. 10. This book (leave) in the classroom yesterday. 11. Thousands of new houses (build) every year. 12. This room (not use) for a long time. 13. The children (take) to the circus tomor­row.

№ 11

Переведите на английский язык, ис­пользуя модальные глаголы.

1. Мы обязательно должны писать диктант сегод­ня? — Да, завтра мы будем учить новые слова. 2. Вче­ра мне пришлось ответить на все эти письма. 3. Вик­тора тоже пригласить на обед? — Да, сделайте это, пожалуйста. 4. Вам пришлось остаться дома, потому что была плохая погода? 5. Вы обязательно должны прийти и посмотреть нашу новую квартиру.— С удо­вольствием. 6. Я рад, что мне не пришлось заканчи­вать эту работу вчера. 7. Я не люблю поздно ложить­ся спать, но иногда мне приходится. 8. Можно мне пойти погулять сейчас? — Нет, нельзя. Ты должен скоро ложиться спать. 9. Вам следует навестить ва­шего друга. Он вчера не пришел на урок. 10. Почему ты не пришла? — Я не могла, я должна была помочь маме по дому. 11. Вам не нужно идти в библиотеку, у нас много книг дома, и вы можете взять любую, ка­кую хотите.

№ 12.

Переведите на русский язык следу­ющие предложения:

1. If I came later I would be late for the lesson. 2. If he had known the time-table he wouldn't have missed the train. 3. It would be better if you learned the oral topics. 3. I wish I had known this before the examination. 4. I would have come to you if you had not lived so far away. 5. If I had seen you yesterday I would have given you my text-book. 6. If I were in your place I wouldn't buy the tickets beforehand. 7. If I had known that you needed help I would have helped you.

Вариант1:Small Business in the USA: An S-Corporation Is not always Best

It is generally believed that small companies should incorporate as S-corporations. While an S-corporation enjoys many corporate attributes (the main is that the owners of a corporation do not expose then personal assets to corporate liability), it is treated like a partnership for the purposes of determining its Federal income tax liability. At the end of each fiscal year, its total earnings (or losses) are prorated to each shareholder, and these earnings (or losses) are incorporated into then individual income tax returns.

Among the advantages of the S-corporation for small business is m "double taxation" — paying an income tax on corporate net income and then paying an individual income tax on the dividend income subsequently distributed by the corporation.

Thus, an S-corporation "generally will not be liable for federal income tax." If losses are incurred during the start-up period (or any other period), these losses can be deducted each year from the shareholders' tax returns. All income, losses, credits, and deductions are "washed through" the S-corporation at the end of each fiscal year, and tarried directly to the individual tax return for each shareholder. Being emptied out at the end of each fiscal year, the S-corporation has no retained earnings account.

For most small businesses, the S-corporation has long been the preferred corporate structure. The operational accounting is simpler, and accounting, legal, and administrative expenses are minimized. Shareholders receive the immediate benefits of earnings without "double taxation", and the shelter of tax deductive losses on their individual tax returns. There are sound reasons to state that this is generally the most popular corporate structure.

However, for small businesses that are growing rapidly, the conventional C-corporation status may turn out to be more preferable. The primary motivation for such a change would be the ability to retain and reinvest earnings in the expanding business.

The maximum Federal income tax rate for C-corporation is 34 percent for taxable income up to $10.0 million, whereas the maximum tax rate on S-corporation income is now the maximum individual rate of 59.6 percent. At the other end of the range, the Federal tax on corporate income of $100,000 is $22,250 for a C-corporation, whereas the incremental tax on this income added to other income of the shareholder in an S-corporation could be as high as $39,600 if the shareholders are already in the maximum tax bracket. If the business is striving to retain and reinvest all possible cash during a period of strong growth, it will obviously forgo distributing cash dividends thereby avoiding the problem of "double taxation."

The maximum tax will be effectively reduced by more than 16 percent, and substantial funds will then be retained to meet the capital needs of the expanding enterprise. Discounting the effects of depreciation charges, this shift of corporate structure yields almost a 10 percent increase in net cash flow.

Вариант 2:Consumer Rights

In their role as consumers, ordinary EU citizens are key players in the Union's new frontier-free single market. The Union has in fad incorporated, as the basis of its consumer policy, the protection of the five fundamental rights which lie at the heart of national policies. These are:

1. The protection of consumers' health and safety

Only products which will not endanger health or safety may be put on the market. This means setting safety requirements, providing full information about potential risks, and protecting consumers against physical injury.

2. The protection of consumers' economic interests

There is for example a general ban on misleading advertising and unfair terms in contracts with consumers.

3. Consumer rights to information and education Consumers need to be put in a position where they can make an informed choice among goods and services offered. This includes objective information on the features and price of the items available. Consumers also require proper information about their efficient and safe use.

4. The right to redress

Consumers have the right to receive advice and help when seeking redress for faulty products or for injury or damage resulting from the use of goods and services. There need to be simple, affordable and rapid procedures for settling complaints and claims.

5. Consumer representation and participation Representatives of consumers need to be present in decision-taking procedures on issues of concern to them at local, national or EU level. At Union level, this covers not only specific consumer issues but also other relevant policy areas like food laws, transport, competition policy, financial services, and environment.

When the Community (the former name of European Union) adopted its first consumer programme in 1975, it focused on the practical application of the five principles. The first result was a number of directives which were adopted over the next 10 years covering among other things the safety of cosmetic products, the labeling of foodstuff, misleading advertising, consumer rights in door-step selling, product liability and the provision of consumer credit.

In addition to its programme of legislation on consumer protection, the Union took steps to make sure the interests of consumers are taken into account at local and EU level. It has supported the development of national consumer organizations and of five major EU-wide organizations with consumer interests. These are:

— The European Consumer's Organization (BEUC),

— The Confederation of Family Organizations in the European Union (Coface),

— The European Community of Consumer Cooperatives Eurocoop),

— The European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC), and

— The European Interregional Institute for Consumer Affairs EIICA)

Internally, the European Commission created an independent Consumer Policy Service in 1989 in order to give more authority and a higher profile to the implementation of consumer policy.

According to the data of 1991, nearly 64 % of Community GDP (внутренний национальный продукт) is devoted to private consumption, the highest proportion being 70.3 % in Greece and the lowest 52.5 % in Denmark (63.4 % in UK). The remainder of the GDP is devoted mainly to financing investments and the collective consumption of general government.

On average, Europeans devote 20 % of their 'consumption' bud to food (ranging from 37.8 % in Greece to 16.6 % in Germany, 21.5 in UK) whereas 17.2 % covers housing expenditure (27.8 % Denmark as against 10.3 % in Portugal, 18.5 % in UK). There are also marked disparities in spending on leisure and education (4.3 % Luxembourg compared with 10.5 % in Ireland, with a UK average 9.7 %).

There is plenty to be done, even after the legislative programme out in the Maastricht Treaty on European Union is completed. The single market, like any other, needs to balance the interests of buyers and sellers if it is to operate efficiently. This means not only fixing additional rules for consumer protection but also ensuring that existing are applied correctly (which is not always the case).

Вариант 3:In the Bank

In a large, dimly lighted room with acoustic walls and ceilings to deaden sound, about fifty operators — predominantly women — are ting at a battery of monitors with a keyboard beneath each. It is here it holders of the blue, green, and gold credit cards are given or fused credit.

When a card is presented anywhere in payment for goods or services, the place of business can accept the card without question if the amount is below an agreed limit, usually between twenty-five and fifty liars. For a larger purchase, authorization is needed, though it takes lye seconds to obtain.

The approval procedures move at jet speed. From wherever they are, merchants and others dial directly to the credit-card processing center of the bank. Automatically each call is routed to a free operator, hose first words are, "What is your merchant number?" As soon as the answer has been given, the operator types the figures, which appears simultaneously on the monitor. Next she askers the card number and amount of credit being sought. They are also typed and displayed.

The operator presses the key, feeding the information to a computer which instantly signals "accepted" or "declined". The first means that credit is good and the purchase has been approved, the second the cardholder is delinquent and credit has been cut off. The operator informs the merchant, the computer records the transaction. On a 1 mal day fifteen thousand calls come in

Sometimes a monitor flashes a message from the computer «"stolen card". In this situation an operator, speaking calmly, as trained has to answer, "The card presented to you has been reported as stolen If possible, detain the person presenting it and call police. Retain the card. The bank will pay you thirty dollars reward for its return."

Storekeepers are usually pleased at the prospect to get an easy thirty dollars. For the bank it is also a good deal, since the card, left in circulation, can be used fraudulently for a much greater total amount

But this system works well only when the bank has got the information and can program the computer. Unfortunately most of the defrauding happens before a missing card is reported. To avoid this computer also warns the operators about excessive purchasing: when a c.nl holder makes ten or more purchases during a single day, the computer alerts an operator. Since an ordinary cardholder never makes more than six or eight purchases a day, a card showing more than normal use may be fraudulent, even though the owner might be unaware of its loss.

However, despite all the warning systems, a lost or stolen card if used cautiously is still good for twenty thousand dollars' worth of fraudulent purchases in the week or so during which most stolen cards stayed unreported.

Moreover, there are devices used by criminals to decide whether a stolen card can be used again or if it is hot. A favorite is to pay a waiter twenty-five dollars to check a card out. He can get the answer easily by consulting a weekly confidential warning list issued by the credit card company to merchants and restaurants.

Вариант 4: What Is International Trade?

When Honduras exports bananas to Switzerland, they can use the money they earn to import Swiss chocolate — or to pay for Kuwaiti oil or a vacation in Hawaii. The basic idea of international trade $0 investment is simple: each country produces goods or services that can be either consumed at home or exported to other countries.

The main difference between domestic trade and international trade is the use of foreign currencies to pay for the goods and services crossing international borders. Although global trade is often added up m U.S. dollars, the trading itself involves various currencies. Japan..» videocassette recorders are paid for in German marks in Berlin, and German cars are paid for in U.S. dollars in Boston. Indian tea, Brazilian coffee, and American films are sold around the world in currencies diverse as Turkish liras and Mexican pesos. Whenever a country imports or exports goods and services, there is a resulting flow of funds: money returns to the exporting nation, and money flows out of the importing nation. Trade and investment is two-way street, and with a minimum of trade barriers, international trade and investment usually makes everyone better off.

In an interlinked global economy, consumers are given the opportunity to buy the best products at the best prices. By opening up marls, a government allows its citizens to produce and export those things they are best at and to import the rest, choosing from whatever e world has to offer.

Some trade barriers will always exist as long as any two countries have different sets of laws. However, when a country decides to protect economy by erecting artificial trade barriers, the result is often dam-mi: to everyone, including those people whose barriers were meant protect.

The Great Depression of the 1930s for example spread around the world when the United States decided to erect trade barriers to protect local producers. As other countries retaliated trade plundered jobs were lost and the world entered into a long period of economic decline.

Вариант 5: Multitasking

From the earliest time people have been trying to do several things simultaneously. They can read a book, cook dinner, talk on the phone and do many other things at the same time. As cars have become- gm able, the time of multitasking has increased: people drive, listen to the radio, eat, and smoke in their cars at the same time.

Now an arsenal of new technology (from notebook computers |b cellular phones and portable televisions) makes it possible for everyone to multitask all day.

The computer industry introduced the word "multitasking" into the vocabulary. Mainframe computers that handled networks were the original multitaskers. Apple's and Microsoft's software turned millions of personal computers into multitaskers. Today millions of people can set their personal computers to multitask while they are themselves multitasking: talking on the phone, receiving faxes, and looking through newspapers at the same time.

While multitasking is not bad for computers, it may be a bad thing for some people. Psychologists say it is possible for the human brain to process two or more tasks at the same time, but only one of them reserves full attention. Multitasking makes people's stressful lives even more stressful. Experts say that although a lot of people believe that multitasking enhances their productivity, in fact it can reduce it.

Because of the limitation of the human brain, multitasking can lead to many mistakes. Indeed, a person who is doing several things at the same time may put the wrong number in a spreadsheet or send a message to the wrong e-mail address. Moreover, people on the other end of the line don't usually like to talk to a person who is doing something else while talking to them. It may alienate the people from the multitasked.

Multitaskers also like to do more than one thing at once even their leisure time. They cannot watch television without readings newspaper or have dinner without watching TV.

Now multitasking takes place nearly everywhere. A lot of businessmen and managers are never far from their notebook computer and cellular telephones. They are almost always doing two or three things at once, driving and dialing, speaking and typing on their computers. On airplanes they are using their notebook computers to answer e-mail messages. While driving, they are speaking on their cellular phones. "Why wait?" they ask. "That's the world we live in right now

Вариант 6: Pattern of Multitasking

Edwina went back to the beginning. What were the obvious facts? The first was that money was missing. The second was that the amount was six thousand dollars. The third obvious fact was that Juanita Nunez knew the exact amount of money missing from her cash drawer after almost five hours of transactions and before she had balanced out cash. Everyone who knew about the loss agreed it was impossible,

But was it impossible? Edwina got up. "Mr. Tottenhoe, will you come with me, please?"

They crossed the floor. Juanita Nunez was accepting a deposit Edwina said quietly, "Mrs. Nunez, when you've dealt with this customer, please put up your 'position closed' sign and lock your cash drawer."

Juanita did not speak while transferring a small metal plaque to the counter as instructed.

Edwina asked, "Mrs. Nunez, you've been insisting that you always know the amount of cash you have. Do you know how much is in you drawer now?"

Juanita hesitated. Then she nodded, unable to speak.

Edwina handed her a slip of paper. "Write down the amount'" After visible hesitation Juanita took a pencil and wrote, "$23,765".

Edwina passed the slip to Tottenhoe. "Please go with Mrs. Nunez and stay with her until she balances out today's cash. Compare the result with this figure."

Three quarters of an hour later Tottenhoe reappeared. He put the slip of paper on Edwina's desk.

"The figure was right?" Edwina asked.

"Exactly right," Tottenhoe replied.

Приложение А

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