The Internet (8)

MOSCOW LOMONOSOV UNIVERSITY (7)

Moscow Lomonosov University is the largest university of Russia. When K was founded in 1755 it was the University of Moscow with three faculties. Today with 21 faculties and over 30,900 students, Moscow Lomonosov University ranks among the top universities of the world. There are over 5,000 Professors, Associate Professors and lecturers at the University. There are also over 140 full members and cor­responding members of the Russian Academy of Sciences there. The foundation of Moscow University was inspired by the radical philosophical and political views of Michael Lomono­sov (1711 - 1765). The University was established by the order of Elizabeth 1, the Russian Empress. In the late 18-th century Moscow University became the centre of advanced Russian science and social thought. Moscow Lomonosov University is known world-wide for its academic excellence. Moscow Lomonosov University, the largest educational institution in Russia teaches almost in all subject areas: Arts, Sciences, Law, Engineering, etc. The staffs are knowledgeable in their subject the top re­search institutions of Moscow Lomonosov University enable, to keep research and teaching up to date. Here students can learn skills which fit them for a better career. Moscow Lomonosov University reputation stays with its graduates -and their achievements in turn add to that reputation.

The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packet swishing. Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will just route around them. One such packet-switching network already survived a war. It was the Iraqi computer network which was not knocked out during the Gulf War. Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50 %) are in the United States, while the rest ape located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet, there are millions, and their number is growing by thousands each month worldwide. The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people, who have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the Internet: reading USENET News, using the World-Wide Web, telnet, FTP, and Gopher. In many developing countries the Internet may provide businessmen with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems of these countries. Commercial, users can communicate over the Internet with the rest of the world and can do it very cheaply. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for calls across their countries or around the world. But who actually pays for sending e-mail messages over the Internet long distances, around the world? The answer is very simple: a user pays his/her service provider a monthly or hourly fee. Part of this fee goes towards its costs to connect to a larger service provider. And part of the fee got by the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires and wireless stations. But saving money is only the first step. If people see that they can make money from the Internet, commercial use of this network will drastically increase. For example, some western architecture companies and garment centers already transmit their basic designs and concepts over the Internet into China, where they are reworked and refined by skilled - but inexpensive - Chinese computer-aided-design specialists. However, some problems remain. The most important is security. When you send an e-mail message to somebody, this message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data are constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. In spite of the fact that there are many strong encoding programs available, nearly all the information being sent over the Internet is transmitted without any form of encoding, i.e. "in the clear". But when it becomes necessary to send important information over the network, these encoding programs may be useful. Some American banks and companies even conduct transactions over the Internet. However, there are still both commercial and technical problems which will take time to be resolved.

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