Теория механизмов и машин

GREAT BRITAIN

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands. Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousand small islands. Their total area is over 244,000 square kilometres

The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast respectively. Great Britain consists of England, Scotland and Wales and does not include Northern Ireland But in every day speech "Great Britain" is used to mean the United Kingdom

The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The Western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea

The surface of the British Isles varies very much The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands, white the south, which has beautiful valleys and plains-is called the Lowlands The north and the west of England are mountainous, but all the rest - east, centre and south-east - is a vast plain Mountains are not very high Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1343 m)

There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they are not very long The Severn is the longest river,.while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one.

The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole year round, but very changeable. That is why it is natural for the English to use the comparison "as changeable as the weather" of a person who often changes his mood or opinion about something.

The English also say that they have three variants of weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon or when it rains all day long. The most unpleasant aspect of English weather is fog and smog. This is extremely bad in big cities and especially in London

The UK is one of the world's smaller countries Its population is over 57 million About 80% of the population is urban.

The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world's largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding

The UK is a constitutional monarchy 1л law, the Head of State is the Queen, but her power is limited. The country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers the House of Lords and the House of Commons

There are three main political panics in Great Britain the Labour, the Conservative and the Liberal parties The Conservative party is the ruling рапу nowadays.

VOCABULARY

respectively [ri spektivli] соответственно vast [va:st] огромный

mountainous ['mauntinəs] гористый

plain [plein] равнина

urban [ə:bən]городской

to rule [ru:l] управлять

parliament [pa:ləmənt] парламент chamber [tʃembə] палата

NAMES

the British Isles [ailz] Британские острова Edinburgh [edinbərə] Эдинбург

Cardiff [ka:dif] Кардифф

Belfast [bel'fa:st] Белфаст

Highlands [haiəndz] гористая часть

Ben Nevis [ben nevis] Бен Невис

the Severn [sevən] Северн

The Thames [temz] Темза

QUESWUNS

1. The UK is an island stale, isn't it? Where is it situated?

2. What countries is the UK made of? What are their capitals?

3. The surface of the British Isles varies very much, doesn't it?

4. What is the north of Scotland called? What is the south of Scotland called?

5. What is the highest mountain in Scotland?

6. What is the deepest river in Great Britain?

7. Why is the climate of the British Isles mild?

8. What comparison do the English use when want to describe a person whose mood and opinion changes very often?

9. How often does it rain m England?

10. Is the UK large country?

11. What is the UK's population?

12. The UK is a highly developed industrial country. What does it produce and export?

13. The UК is a constitutional monarchy. What does u mean?

A FEW FACTS FROM EARLY ENGLISH HISTORY

(additional reading)

The first settlers in Britain belonged to the Celtic tribes which, before their arrival in Britain had spread over what is now Germany. France and Spam These first Celtic invaders are known as the Goidels and their language survives m some parts of Ireland and Scotland

About two centuries later a new wave of Celtic tribes known аз Britons landed on the shores of Britain. In 55 В. С. Julius Caesar landed with his troops on the shores of Britain then Britain was conquered by Rome Their rule over Britain lasted for about four centuries During this period a considerable part of the land was cleared for cultivation, many new towns grew up and 3number of forts were built

Britain now a Roman province was frequently troubled by the Picts and Scots But in the fifth century other enemies appeared. These were Germanic tribes the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes.

The isolation of the.Angles, the Saxons and Jutes from the continental Germanic tribes actually led to the formation of the English nationality. The dialects of these tribes had so much in common that the tribes could easily understand each other, and they called this common language "Englisc" (English).

The time of the invasion of Britain by the Angles, Saxons and Jutes is considered to be the real beginning of the history of the English language

VOCABULARY

tribe [traib] племя

invader [in veidə] завоеватель

Goidels [gɔidels] гойделн

Celtic [ keltik] кельтский

the Angles [æŋgləs]англы

the Saxons [sæks(ə)ns] саксы

the Jutes [ʤu:ts] юты

isolation [aiso leiʃən] изоляция invasion [in veiʒən] вторжение

LONDON

London is the capital of Great Britain, it's political, economic and commercial centre U is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe Us population is about 8 million.

London is one of the oldest and most interesting cities in the world, more then twenty centuries old It was first mentioned by the Romans The Romans, the Saxons and the Danes sealed here in turn, and after them came the Normans With the passing years London continued to grow up in importance and its position as the seat of government was firmly secured London has buildings that express all the different areas of its history, for it manages in a unique way to reflect its past and at the same time to fulfil the functions of a modem, city

Traditionally it is divided into several pans the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End They are very different from each other and seem to belong to different towns end epochs.

The heart of London is the City, its financial and business centre Numerous banks, offices and firms are situated there, including the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange and the Old Bailey Few people live here, but over a million people come to the City to work There are some famous ancient buildings within the City Perhaps the most striking of them is St Paul's Cathedral the greatest of English churches. It was built in the 17-th century by Sir Christofer Wren. It stands on a hill and the gold ball and cross at the top can be seen on a fire day from almost any spot of London The Tower of London was founded by Julius Caesar and in 1066 rebuilt by WiUiam the Conqueror He built it right at the gates of the City to keep the unruly Londoners in tear Later the kings began to use it as a royal residence They used to spend a night before coronation there Now it is a museum

Westminster is the historic, the governmental part of London

Westminster Abbey has more historic associations than any other building in Britain Nearly all English kings and queens have been crowned here The Oldest pan of the building dates back to the 8-th century, the abbey is famous for its architecture, some of the
monuments and tombs are decorated with gold and precious metals. Many outstanding
statesmen, scientists, writers, poets and painters are buried here: Newton, Darwin, Chaucer,
Dickens, Tennyson, Kipling, etc.

Across the road from Westminster Abbey is the Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British Parliament. The Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for its big hour bell, known as "Big Ben"

Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the Queen.

The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London It is the symbol of wealth and luxury The best hotels, shops, restaurants, clubs and theatres are situated there There are splendid houses and lovely gardens belonging to wealthy people.

Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London It was named in memory of Admiral Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805 The tail Nelson's Column stands in the middle of the square.

On the north side of Trafalgar Square is the National Gallery and the National Portrait Gallery Not far away is the British Museum - the biggest museum in London. It contains a priceless collection of ancient manuscripts, coins, sculptures, etc, and is famous for its library

As we know the name of the West End is associated with wealth white the East End is "the hands of London", which have created the brightness and wealth of the West End. It is the poorest district of London There are a lot of factories, workshops and docks here The streets are narrow,!he buildings are unimpressive. The East End is densely populated by working class families

Londoners love traditions and it is considered that London has preserved them to a greater extent than anv other city in England Also the traditions associated with royal events attract many tourists into the country, thus bringing currency Their love of traditions can be observed in practically all aspects of life and behavior.

VOCABULARY

commercial [kə mə:ʃəl] торговый

epoch [i:pɔk] эпоха

financial [fai nænʃel]финансовый

to crown [kraun] короновать

to bury [beri] хоронить

wealth [welθ] богатство

luxury роскошь

priceless [ praislis] бесценный

manuscript [ mænjuskript] рукопись

to be famous for [ feiməs] быть знаменитым, славиться

unimpressive невпечатляюший, невыразительный

densely [densl] густо

NAMES

the Stock Exchange [stɔks't ʃeindʓ] Лондонская фондовая биржа

the Old Bailey [ beili] Центральный уголовный суд в Олд-Бейли

St Paul's Cathedral [sənt pɔ:lz kə θi:drəl] собор св.Павла (главный собор английской церкви)

Sir Christoter Wren [' sə: kristəfə ren] Кристофер Peн

Julius Caesar [dʒu:liəs si:zə] Юлий Цезарь

Willial the Conqueror [kɔŋkərə]Вильгельм Завоеватель, Вильгельм 1 (первый король из норманнов в Англии)

Westminster Abbey [ westmninstə æbi] Вестминстерское аббатство

Buckingham Palace Букингемскнй Дворец (главная королевская резиденция в Лондоне)

Trafalgar Square [trəfælge skweə] Трафальгарская площадь

QUESTIONS

1 What is the capital of Great Britain?

2 What is the population of London?

3 Traditionally London is divided into several pans Can you name them⁰

4 What do you know about the City?

5 Who was St Paul's Cathedral built by?

6. Who founded the Tower of London? When was it rebuilt?

7 What is the historic, the governmental part of London?

8 What building has more historic associations than any other building in London?
9. What is Big Ben?

10 Can you describe Trafalgar Square?

11 Where do the working people of London live?

12. What are the most famous London museums and art galleries?

Oxford University Science courses (medicine)

Medicine at Oxford

It is a special and important feature of the Oxford course that you must take an honours degree In theory this may be taken in any subject, but in practice the subject that fits in most conveniently with medical studies is Physiological Sciences By pursuing Physiology and related subjects to Honours level, you gain an insight into the scientific study of bodily functions in health and disease, and become familiar with techniques used in medical research Exceptionally, you may choose another Honour School instead, such as PPP (Psychology, Philosophy.Physiology - of which Psychology and Physiology are usually taken) If you elect to take an Honour School other than Physiological Sciences, you will usually be required to devote an extra year to your preclinical work The usual length of the medical course for then who do both their preclinical and clinical training at Oxford is five years and ten months

Before starting the course, a student must have a good knowledge of science. The University provides Qualifying Examinations in Zoology and in Chemistry and Physics for exceptional candidates accepted with incomplete qualifications in these subjects These examinations are taken, if necessary, during the first term of the preclinical course.

The Medical School is required by the Higher Education Funding Council to limit tin number of overseas medical students to seven each year Overseas candidates must be available for interview in the December preceding the proposed year of entry All medical students are required to undertake BCG. Rubella and Hepatitis В vaccination prior to entry. In the case of Hepatitis В freedom from carrier status must be demonstrated; failing that, the course cannot be entered.

The Course

The preclinical course begins in October and normally lasts for three yean (nine terms) It consists during the first three terms of courses of study leading to examinations in Part I of the first BM Examination in (a) "Morphology, Reproduction and Development" which covers the gross and microscopical anatomy of the human body and the reproductive and developmental processes, (b) "Physiology and Pharmacology" which deals with the basic physiology of the human body, and (c) "Biochemistry¹' which covers the bask biochemistry, structure and function of ceils and micro-organisms and includes an introduction to genetics You follow a couse Elementary Statistics in the first year

During the fourth and fifth terms you take integrated courses m (a) "Systems of the Body" concentrating on the overall physiological, pharmacological, and endocrinological control of the body processes, (b) "Neural, Behavioural, and Neuroendocrine Systems" which includes neuroanatomy, neurophysjotogy, neuropharmacology, neuroeodocrinology, and physiology, and (c) "Pathology and Medical Genetics" which explores the basic mechanisms underlying disease processes, microbial pathogenicity and body defence, and the application of genetic anasysis to human disease. You should be aware that some practical studies involving living animal tissue are an obligatory component of the course At the end of this tune Part II of the First BM Examination is taken You may also take a course and Qualifying Examination in Medical Sociology. Thisis compulsory if you wish to go to other medical schools for your clinical training, most (e.g Cambridge and London, but not Oxford) require this qualification. Throughout the course the syllabus is based on a new, clinically related core defining essential knowledge

After the First BM four further terms are usually spent in study at a more advanced level leading to the Honour School of Physiological Sciences During this period there is opportunity to specialize, since you may choose a combination of subjects which particularly interest you. You will be required to take a general paper in Physiological Sciences You may also present a dissertation based on either experimental work or library studyof one written paper m the Final Examination. A wide range of dissertation subjects is offered in many University and hospital departments.

All students apply to the clinical school of their choice during their final preclinical year The Oxford Clinical School selects its annual intake of 104 students by open competition amongst applicants with Honours degrees from Oxford and other preclinical schools

Typically, just over half of our students remain in Oxford, and there are sufficient places for the remainder in clinical schools elsewhere The few students who are not successful in their initial clinical applications are considered in a "clearing" exercise by Oxford. Cambridge, and the London schools. Although the Oxford Clinicaldoes not guarantee admission to Oxford preclinical students, the selection procedure normally ensures that all find clinical places somewhere and the Medical School makes every effort to achieve this aim

The Clinical School is centred on the John Radcliffe Hospital, with teaching and research also carried out in general and specialist units at the other Oxford hospitals Opportunities are also provided for clinical experience to be obtained in district general hospitals within and outside the Oxford region. On the successful completion of the course you qualify for the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (BM BCh) and. when the degrees have been conferred, you are eligible for provisional registration by the General Medical Council as a medical practitioner

ENGLISH PEOPLE AS THEY ARE

Travelling to all comers of the world gas easier and easier We live in a global village, but how well do we know and understand each other?

When the European Community began to increase in size, several guidebooks appeared giving advice on international etiquette At first many people trough this was a joke, especially the British, who seemed to assume that the widespread understanding of their language meant a corresponding understanding of English customs. Very soon they had to change their ideas, as they realized that they had a lot to learn about how to behave with their foreign friends

One of the most striking features of English life is the self-discipline and courtesy of people of аи classes. There is little noisy behaviour, and practically no loud disputing in the street. People do not rush excitedly for seats is buses or trains, but take their seats in queues at bus stops in a quiet and orderly manner.

Englishmen are naturally polite and never tired of saying "Thank you," I’m sorry, "Beg your pardon." If you follow anyone who is entering a building or a room, he will hold a door open for you. Many foreigners have commented on the remarkable politeness of the English people.

English people don't like displaying their emotions even in dangerous and tragic situations, and ordinary people seem to remain good-tempered and cheerful under difficulties.

The Englishman does not like any boasting or showing off in manners, dress and speech. Sometimes he conceals his knowledge, a linguist, for example, may not mention his undemanding of a foreign language

The Englishman prefers his own house to an apartment in a block of flats, because he doesn’t wish his doing to be overlooked by his neighbours "An Englishman's house is his castle"

Many Englishmen are very good to their wives at home. They help their wives in many ways They clean the windows when they are at home on Saturday afternoon. They often wash up the dishes after supper in the evening.

Sunday is a very quiet day in London. All the shops are dosed, and so are the theatres and most of the cinemas. Londoners like to get out of town on Sundays. The sea is not far -only fifty or sixty miles away and people like to go down to the sea in summer or somewhere to the country for skiing in water

VOCABULARY

courtesy [kə:təsi] вежливость

rush спешка

queue [kju ] очередь

jump the queue проходить без очереди

good-tempered добродушный, уравновешенный

boast | хвастаться

conceal [kən si:l] скрывать

etiquette ['etiket] этикет

assume [ə sju: m] допускать, предполагать

Методические указания по выполнению контрольных работ

для студентов заочной формы обучения

специальности 150200 «Автомобили и автомобильное хозяйство»

Составитель Н.П. Курышкин

Утверждены на заседании кафедры

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