Speech Patterns

Without

Within

With

Via

Versus

Up to

Up

Upon

Until

Underneath

Under

1. Beneath: under the desk; under the trees

2. Less than: Under 100 people were present.

3. In circumstances of: under repair; under way; under discussion

under age: below the age of being legally permitted to do something

be under arrest: be held prisoner and charged with wrongdoing

under the circumstances: because this is true

under consideration: being thought about

under control: able to be regulated or guided

under cover of: protected by; undetected because of

be under the influence of: be affected by

under observation: being watched carefully

1. Below, under: underneath the carpet

1. Up to a certain time: She will stay until Friday; until 5 p.m.

Note: On and upon have similar meanings. Upon may be used in certain expressions, as in once upon a time, and following certain verbs, as in to rely upon someone.

1. To a higher place: We went up the stairs.

2. In a higher place: She lives up the hill.

1. As far as: up to now; I have read up to page 100.

2. Depending on: The decision is up to you.

3. As good as; ready for: His work is up to standard.

1. Against (sports, legal): The next game is England versus Australia.

1. By way of: He went to Los Angeles via San Francisco.

1. Accompanying: He came with her; I have my keys with me.

2. Having; containing: Here is a book with a map of the island.

3. By means of; using: I repaired the shoes with glue.

4. Manner: with pleasure; with ease; with difficulty

5. Because of: We were paralyzed with fear.

with regard to: concerning; about

with respect to: concerning; about

1. Inside of: within twenty minutes; within one kilometer

within limits: to a certain extent; not too much

1. Not having: Do not leave without your coat; without money

go without saying: be obvious

Appendix III. Irregular verbs

Appendix IV. Supplementary Reading

Text 1. What Are Fossil Fuels?

Fossil fuels form from the remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago. Over time, these remains sank to the bottom of the seas and oceans, and as layers grew on top of them they were subjected to enormous pressure and heat, causing the remains to break down into hydrocarbons, or compounds made of hydrogen and carbon. When these hydrocarbons are burned, the energy they release can be used to powers cars, produce electricity and heat homes.

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