Answer the following questions

LEAD IN

Below you will find phrases and language you can use in the discussion to express opinions, offer explanations and disagree.

V. SPEAKING

IV. GRAMMAR FOCUS

Verbs: active/passive

Change the sentences below from active to passive. For example:

Active: The police officer asked for proof of identification.

Passive: Proof of identification was asked by the police officer.

1. The emperor appointed a special committee of jurists.

2. Theodosius II, ruler of the Byzantine Empire, published the first codification of imperial legislation.

3. Roman law influenced many modern civil law systems in Europe.

4. They chose ten Roman citizens to record the laws.

5. They inaugurated a more thorough study of Roman law at Bologna University

6. My uncle wrote his will in 2000.

7. The constable arrested and searched the driver of the stolen car.

8. They left the wounded man lying on the road.

9. The judge asked the witness to speak louder.

10. Between about 367 bc and ad137 they developed the new law from the edicts of the praetor.

What do you think about the following statements?

When men are pure, laws are useless; when men are corrupt, laws are broken. Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881) British politician and author.

It would be better to have no laws at all, than to have too many.

Law, without force, is impotent. Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) French mathematician, physicist and philosopher.

Where the law is uncertain there is no law. (proverb)

Opinions, Preferences:

I think..., In my opinion..., I'd like to..., I'd rather..., I'd prefer..., The way I see it..., As far as I'm concerned..., If it were up to me..., I suppose..., I suspect that..., I'm pretty sure that..., It is fairly certain that..., I'm convinced that..., I honestly feel that, I strongly believe that..., Without a doubt,...,

Disagreeing:

I don't think that..., Don't you think it would be better..., I don't agree, I'd prefer..., Shouldn't we consider..., But what about..., I'm afraid I don't agree..., Frankly, I doubt if..., Let's face it, The truth of the matter is..., The problem with your point of view is that...

Giving Reasons and offering explanations: To start with, The reason why..., That's why..., For this reason..., That's the reason why..., Many people think...., Considering..., Allowing for the fact that..., When you consider that...

1. What is the name England derived from?

2. What ethnic groups formed the people known as the English?

2. Match the following English words and phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents:

in conjunction королівське дарування

promulgate гільдія

ecclesiastical звичаєве право

outlawry порушення

folkright проголошувати

royal grant оголошення поза законом

exertion разом з

guild вияв

infringement народна мова

vernacular церковний

TEXT 2

Read the text “Anglo-Saxon law”.

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